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Transcript
Traumatic Stress Agnė Bružaitė Psbd8-01 Content • • • • • • • • Causes; Traumatic events; Reactions to traumatic events; Acute stress disorder (ASD); Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); Trauma in childhood; How to cope; Treatment. Traumatic events • Traumatic events are shocking and emotionally overwhelming situations. • These events might involve actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual or other physical assault. Traumatic events One-time occurrences: • Natural disasters; • House fire; • Violent crime; • Airplane accident; • • • • Ongoing, repeated: Combat or war; Child abuse; Neglect; Domestic violence; • Enduring physical, sexual, emotional, or other forms of abuse. Reactions to traumatic events • Anxiety; • Shock; • Personal or social disconnection; • Confusion, fear, hopelessness; • Helplessness, sleeplessness, physical pain. Reactions to traumatic events • • • • • • Grief, anger; Aggressiveness; Mistrustfulness; Guilt, shame; Shaken religious faith; Loss of confidence in self or others. Reactions to traumatic events • Loss of memory; • Physical and psychological flashbacks; • Sometimes a smaller hippocampus; • Physical disorders; Reactions to traumatic events • Nightmares; • Sleep disturbance; • Depression; Acute stress disorder (ASD) ASD describes experiences of: • Dissociation (e.g., feelings of unreality or disconnection); • Intrusive thoughts and images; Acute stress disorder (ASD) • Efforts to avoid reminders of the traumatic experiences; • Symptoms persist from two days to four weeks. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) • When experiences that were mentioned before last more than a month; • Post-traumatic stress disorder was first recognised as 'shell shock' in veterans of the First World War; • Statistics: 7%-8% of people in the United States will likely develop PTSD in their lifetime; Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) • Women are twice as likely as men to develop PTSD; • Pregnant women who have PTSD may influence their children. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) • A person can recovery within 6 months or the symptoms can last much longer and become a chronic condition; • The symptoms may be worse if the trauma was initiated by another person such as a kidnapping, rape or torture. Signs of PTSD • People tend to avoid places, people, or other things that remind them of the event (may develop to phobia); • Recurring nightmares; Signs of PTSD • Chronic physical hyper arousal; • Lack of interest in activities that used to be enjoyed; Trauma in childhood Person who was traumatized in childhood may suffer: • Revictimization (being harmed again); • Aggression; • Identity disturbance; Trauma in childhood • Bodily problems without detectable physical cause; • Relationship problems. Helping yourself • Stay connected to natural support systems; • Taking care of basic needs; • Keeping to routines and activities; • Finding ways to assist someone else. Psychological First Aid • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Psychological first aid creates and sustains an environment of: Safety; Calming; Connectedness to others; Self-efficacy or empowerment; Hopefulness. What you should DO: • Do help people meet basic needs for food and shelter, and obtain emergency medical attention (safety); What you should DO: • Do listen to people who wish to share their stories and emotions and remember there is no wrong or right way to feel (calming); What you should DO: • Do be friendly and compassionate even if people are being difficult (calming). What you should DO: • Do help people contact friends or loved ones (connectedness). • Do give practical suggestions that steer people towards helping themselves (selfefficacy). Do not : • Don’t force people to share their stories with you; • Don’t give simple reassurances like “everything will be ok” or “at least you survived”; DO not: • Don’t tell people what you think they should be feeling, thinking or doing now or how they should have acted earlier; • Don’t make promises that may not be kept. Treatment • Interpersonal, relational, and psychodynamic psychotherapies; • Anxiety management, cognitive therapy and exposure therapy; • A combination of psychotherapy and medication; References • • • • • • • • • • • • http://www.istss.org/resources/what_is_traumatic_stress.cfm (2009 11 03) http://www.centerforthestudyoftraumaticstress.org/resources/categorylisting. php (2009 11 03); PICTURES: http://www.faqs.org/health/images/uchr_05_img0496.jpg http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4597346/81417main_Full.jpg www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/brain/images http://www.onlinecounselingblog.com/2009/06/post-traumatic-stressdisorder/ http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/post-traumatic-stresstrap_1.jpg http://www.iandodds.co.uk/images/20090301202656_foreign_service_journ al_1.jpg http://www.iandodds.co.uk/images/20090301202656_foreign_service_journ al_1.jpg http://helpingpsychology.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/iStock_000003781332Small.jpg (All watched at 2009 11 05)