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OUR TARGETS • CHANGE ON DATES • Teachings start on 3/22 and ends on 4/01 • IA- NEED IT AND I GUESS I WANT IT • IB SYLLABUS-ABNORMAL OPTION • ABNORMAL LECTURE SUCCESS CRITERIA • BE PREPARED FOR IB TESTING AND ABNORMAL TEACHINGS IA’S • PRINT THEM OUT!!! • TURN THOSE IA’S IN!!!! Learning outcomes-From the IB Syllabus General framework (applicable to all topics in the option) • To what extent do biological, cognitive and sociocultural factors influence abnormal behaviour? • Evaluate psychological research (that is, theories and/or studies) relevant to the study of abnormal behaviour. Concepts and diagnosis • Examine the concepts of normality and abnormality. • Discuss validity and reliability of diagnosis. • Discuss cultural and ethical considerations in diagnosis (for example, cultural variation, stigmatization). Psychological disorders • Describe symptoms and prevalence of one disorder from two of the following groups: –– anxiety disorders –– affective disorders –– eating disorders. Learning outcomes-From the IB Syllabus General framework (applicable to all topics in the option) two of the following groups: –– anxiety disorders –– affective disorders –– eating disorders. • Discuss cultural and gender variations in prevalence of disorders. Implementing treatment • Examine biomedical, individual and group approaches to treatment. • Evaluate the use of biomedical, individual and group approaches to the treatment of one disorder. • Discuss the use of eclectic approaches to treatment. • Discuss the relationship between etiology and therapeutic approach in relation to one disorder. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR A story about a woman name June I recently moved to the Puget Sound Area four years ago from Colorado. When I lived in Colorado I was very active and I enjoyed being outdoors but somehow that changed when I moved here. I am married and have two wonderful active sons. We moved here for my job which I love. But as I become adjusted to living here in Washington and the rainy long winters I often found myself not wanting to get up for work and I started to call in sick. My Husband and I love skiing and were excited moving here to continue that activity but I slowly stopped going because I felt to weak to get out of bed. My husband and kids were starting to worry. They have lost the fun and vibrant mom and wife that they loved. I blamed it on the move and I just needed time to adjust. I used to be a fit and hot mom/wife and now I am on overweight lazy slob. I can not stop eating especially pastries and usually with my Starbucks. I don’t even want to talk about my nonexistent love life…. I blame that on trying to be a true Washingtonian. My work and family life is starting to suffer. I am afraid of the numerous breakdowns that I have. I am starting to feel anxiety and now I am not able to sleep. My husband is worried and wants me to seek medical help. My boss who is one of my closest friends has required me to take time off work and get help or I will lose my job. I am losing control of my life. I am regretting that we ever moved here. Moving back is not an option. What disorder do I have? DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing depression with a seasonal pattern Overview/statistics Affects 11 millions people in the US Four times as common in women than men Genetics “People in Canada or the northern U.S. are eight times more likely to fall victim to SAD than those living in sunny, more temperate areas like Florida or Mexico.” (Web MD) SYMPTOMS *duration 2 years or more Depression that begins and ends during a specific season every year Many more seasons of depression than seasons without depression over the lifetime of your illness Fall & Winter Symptoms • Tired, sleeping, crying spells and body aches • Spring &Summer Symptoms • Insomnia, weight loss and difficulty concentrating Cause Ignacio Provencio University of Virginia 2008 •Genetic (Biological) • genetic mutation in the eye that makes a SAD patient less sensitive to light. • 220 participants, 130 of whom had been diagnosed with SAD and 90 participants with no history of mental illness. • found that seven of the 220 participants carried two copies of the mutation • the gene is five times more likely to have symptoms of SAD than a person without the mutation. Sourcettps://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/08 1103130931.htm Brain research has shown that people who battle depression have lower amounts of the following neurotransmitters: nor epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. These chemicals relax and help us handle stress. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR-DEPRESSION with Seasonal Affective Disorder Treatment •Medication (Antidepressants) • Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRI’S) •PROZAC, Zoloft, Paxil, Luvox, Lexapro •Works with the brain and increases serotonin levels Common side effects •Headaches, drowsiness, anorexia, nervousness, anxiety, weight loss, insomnia, agitation, nausea, and sexual dysfunction. •Doctors need to make sure that they do blood tests regularly for liver functions. •Other medications •Stimulant medications such as Ritalin. These drugs have the same side effects as SSRI’S. Sources http://www.medicinenet.com/seasonal_affective_disord er_sad/page2.htm http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/basics/testsdiagnosis/CON-20021047 Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy -assumes that depression is connected with negative and irrational thinking. -therapy teaches a new pattern of thinking. - teaches coping skills -trauma based if necessary INTERPERSONAL THERAPY -therapist helps resolve issues and problems with Individuals. Relationships that may have caused the depression. -group therapy, family and individual therapy PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY -“Psychodynamics therapy views depression as the result of internal, unconscious conflicts.” psyweb.com -therapist focuses on past experience and unconscious Urges. Resolving issues in childhood. POST QUIZ http://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/ RelatedItems/40,SeasonalAffectiveDisQuiz OUR TARGETS • Teachings start on 3/22 and ends on 4/01 • IA- NEED IT AND I GUESS I WANT IT • IB SYLLABUS-ABNORMAL OPTION • ABNORMAL LECTURE SUCCESS CRITERIA • BE PREPARED FOR IB TESTING AND ABNORMAL TEACHINGS IA’S • PRINT THEM OUT!!! • TURN THOSE IA’S IN!!!! Deviation from Normality Abnormality is any deviation from the average or from OUR TARGETS the majority. DEFINE ABNORMAL CONTROVERY AROUND DIAGNOSES BIO VIEW POINT ON ABNORMAL Adjustment is those people who are unable to function physically, emotionally and socially. Abnormal are people who fail to adjust. •The terms “mental health” and “mental illness” imply that psychological disturbance or abnormality is like a physical sickness- such as the flu. •Many psychologists think that “mental illness” is different from physical illness, the idea remains that there is some ideal way to function psychologically, just as there is an ideal way for people to function physically. •Some psychologists feel that the normal or healthy person would be one who is functioning ideally or who is at least striving toward ideal functioning. DIATHESIS STRESS MODULE (BLA) GENTICALLY PREDISPOSED in an environment with two loving parents that teach tem to handle stressful events well. May not show or develop symptoms of disorder. Or Raised in an environment that is unhealthy and disastrous. Does not learn healthy coping skills will develop symptoms of disorder. May self medicate disorder with drugs, alcohol or destructive relationships. RESEARCHERS NURNBERGER AND GERSHON JANOWSKY CONTROVERSY SURRONDING DYSFUNCTION • Labeling someone mentally ill because his or her behavior is odd is a mistake as well as cruel and irresponsible. • Thomas Szasz argues that most of the people whom we call mentally ill are not ill at all. They have simply a problem in living and have serious conflicts with the world around them. Mental Illness is a way to control people. • Doctors label patients as sick and put them into the hospital instead of dealing with the patient’s conflict. CULTURALLY BIAS-Source John Crane • • “Li-Pac (1980) conducted a study to evaluate the role of culture in the diagnostic approach of therapists.”I “Chinese American and European American male clients were interviewed and video-taped, then rated by Chinese American and European American male therapists on their level of psychological functioning. The results showed an interaction effect between the cultural backgrounds of therapist and client on the therapists’ judgement of the clients. The Chinese American clients were rated as awkward, confused, and nervous by the Euroepan American therapists, but the same clients were rated as adaptable, honest,and friendly by the Chinese American therapists. In contrast, European-American clients ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR CULTURALLY BIAS-Source John Crane • were rated as sincere and easy-going by European-American therapists, but aggressive and rebellious by Chinese-American therapists. Furthermore, Chinese American clients were judged to be more depressed and less socially capable by the European-American therapists, and the European American clients were judged to be more severely disturbed by the Chinese-American therapists. VALIDITY-Source-John Crane • “Rosenhan’s classic study. Arranged for eight “normal” students to be examined by admitting doctors in psychiatric hospitals. They were instructed to behave normally except reporting that they heard a voice. All except one was admitted as schizophrenic, and later released (between 2 and 52 days later) as schizophrenics in remission.”- BIO VIEWPOINT ON ABNORMAL • Medical connection usually connected with the brain Genetics• mental disorders are heredity • Twin studies, Family studies and Adoption Studies. • Twin studies-especially identical because they share the same genetic make-up. • Family Studies-traits are passed especially by generations • Adoption Studies-see if another environment hinders development of a mental disorder. Neuroanatomy • Brain localization find where mental disorders affect areas of the brain. • Helps with appropriate medicine • Neurotransmitters (lack of)Serotonin(depression) BIOLOGICAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS Infection • “The first mental illness to be associated with infection was paresis, which is now recognized as the result of a long term infection by syphilis spirochete.1” Sourcehttp://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.ht m TREATMENTDRUG THERAPY, ECT, AND PSYCHOSURGERY OUR TARGETS COGNITIVE VIEWPOINT ON ABNORMAL BEHAVIORISM COGNITIVE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE VIEWPOINT ON ABNORMAL “Cognitive psychologists are interested in how a person understands, diagnoses, and solves a problem, concerning themselves with the mental processes that mediate between stimulus and response.”- Source- http://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.htm • “Cognition is based on two assumptions: 1) what organisms are going to do can only be found by studying their mental process, and 2) It is possible to objectively study the mental processes by focusing on specific behaviors and interpreting the underlying mental processes.” Sourcehttp://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.htm Gestalt Therapy “This school is based on the idea that humans tend to organize their ideas and thoughts into patterns. A major idea of Gestalt psychology is insight. Insight is the grouping of mentally represented elements of a problem to where we think we can reach a goal.” http://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.htm TREATMENTS Rational Emotive therapy-irrational assumptions and find appropriate responses to that behavior. Active Therapy Humorist approach. Beck’s Cognitive Therapy-mostly used with depression. Points out irrational /negative thoughts. Clients come up with new thoughts and challenge their negative thinking. BEHAVIORISM PERSPECTIVE Learning viewpoint on Abnormal • “The behavioral perspective centers on the idea that psychology should concern itself with measurable physical responses to environmental stimuli”-Sourcehttp://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.htm • Watson wanted psychology to be treated as a hard science. • “A Harvard University psychologist by the name of B. F. Skinner introduced another aspect of this perspective. He maintained that organisms, when a behavior was reinforced often enough, would learn that behavior” ““http://www.purgatory.net/merits/medical.htm • Many studies were done within this perspective that measured behavior. Behavior Therapy • To change behavior you have to reinforce the behavior that you want • If you continue ignoring the negative behavior this behavior will become extinct. • Reward the new positive behavior. Treatments Systematic desensitization-exposure to item that is causing them fear-uses relaxation techniques Flooding /Implosive Therapy-being exposed to items repeatedly-no relaxation Token economy and Modeling ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR OUR TARGETS • LECTURE • VIDEO CLIP- • COMPUTER LAB ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Anxiety-Based Disorders • 15% of adults have endured symptoms typical of these disorders. • Shared characteristics: • Including feelings of anxiety • personal inadequacy • An avoidance of dealing with problems • Unrealistic images of themselves. • Deeply anxious doubt and seem unable to free themselves of recurring worries and fears. • Emotional problems may be expressed in constant worrying, sudden mood swings, or a variety of physical symptoms (headaches, sweating, muscle tightness, weakness, and fatigue). • Anxious people often have difficulty forming stable and satisfying relationships. • Even though their behavior may be self-defeating and ineffective in solving problems, those driven be anxiety often refuse to give up their behaviors in favor of more effective ways of dealing with anxiety. • In the DSM-IV, the anxiety-based disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, phobic, disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic disorder. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR SOMATOFORM DISORDERS • Anxiety can create a wide variety of physical symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause. • Conversion Disorder is the conversion of emotional difficulties into the loss of a specific physiological function. • A conversion reaction results in a real and prolonged handicap. • Most psychologists believe that people suffering from conversion reactions unconsciously invent physical symptoms to gain freedom from unbearable conflict. • Hypochondriasis ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Dissociative Disorders • Involves a disturbance in conscious experience such as experience as a loss of memory or identity. • Pscychogenic amnesia is a loss of identity or may be an attempt to escape from problems by blotting them out completely. • Amnesiacs remember how to talk, but will not remember who they are. This amnesia should be distinguished from other losses of memory that result from organic brain damage, normal forgetting or drug abuse. • Psychogenic Fugue is when amnesia is paired with flight to a different environment. Fugue can last days or even decades. Fugue is a traveling amnesia. • Dissociative Identity Disorder-is when someone has two or more distinct identities. Some psychologists believe that the dividing up of the personality is the result of the individual effort to escape from a part of himself or herself that he or she fears. OUR TARGETS • ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS OUR TARGETS • • • ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS 4/18- NYALAT, YOUSEF, JUWAN & MELINA 4/19-CHRISTIAN, RYAN, EMILY & NICOLE 4/20-PRINCESS, TIEN, DEE2, MAYA & AMEET TAKE NOTES!!! GREEN TEACHES WHAT IS PMDD? • 5% of menstruating women TREATMENT Medications - including antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, analgesics, hormones and diuretics. Psychobehavioral - including exercise and psychotherapies (cognitive-behavioral, coping skills training, relaxation). Nutritional - including diet modification, vitamins, minerals and herbal preparations OUR TARGETS • ABNORMAL LECTURE – MOOD DISORDERS-SUICIDE AND DEPRESSION – SCHIZOPHRENIADUE DATES 3/12- ABNORMAL LESSON PLAN ABNORMAL TEACHINGS 3/17-BRITTANY & ROSABETH 3/18-NIKKOLE & KATERIN 3/19-LINH & CARLY 3/20- EILISH &TOMAS 3/24-MADELYN & DANIEL 3/25-HALANA & THOMAS 3/26-GERMAN & TYRON Mood Disorders • • • • • • • • Emotions hamper their ability to function effectively. In extreme cases, a mood may cause individuals to lose touch with reality or seriously threaten their health of lives. Major Depressive Disorder Single episode-strikes deeply and seriously in one dramatic episode. Recurrent depression- extend pattern shared with single episode depression, of sadness, fatigue, anxiety, agitated behavior, and reduced ability to function and interact with others. Interfere with sleep and ability to concentrate. Beck (1983) believes that depressed people draw illogical conclusions about themselvesthey blame themselves for normal problems and consider every minor failure a catastrophe. Seligman (1975) believed that a feeling of learned helplessness causes depression. The depressed person learns to believe that he has no control over events in his life and that it is useless to even try. Bipolar Disorder-extreme highs and lows ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR SUICIDE AND DEPRESSION • • • • • • • To escape physical or psychological painperhaps a terminal illness or the unhappiness of old age. To end feelings of not being accepted or to punish themselves of their wrong doings. 30,000 Americans end their lives. About 1 every 18 minutes. More women attempt suicide than men but more men succeed. Most common among the elderly but also ranks as the second most common cause of death among college students. People who talk about suicide or make an attempt are serious. 70% of people who kill themselves threaten to do so within the 3 months preceding the suicide, and an unsuccessful attempt is often a trial run. SCHIZOPHRENIA • Problem with cognition. A person’s thought processes are somewhat disturbed and those with schizophrenia have lost contact with reality to considerable extent. • Is a collection of symptoms that indicates an individual has serious difficulty trying to meet the demands of life. • 50% of the patients in US mental hospitals have been diagnosed with schizophrenia. • Involves confused and disordered thoughts and perceptions. • Live a private disordered reality. • Delusions-false beliefs maintained in the face of contrary evidence. • Hallucinations sensations in the absence of appropriate stimulation. Symptoms • Incoherence or marked decline in thought process. • The language may be speeded (word salad). • Disturbances of affect or emotions that are inappropriate for the circumstances. • Deterioration in normal movement, which may occur as slowed movement, non-movement, or as highly agitated behavior. • Decline in previous levels of functioning-sharp drop off at work. • Diverted attention-unable to focus his or her attention • • • Double-bind theory is that childhood full of such contradictory message result in adults who perceive the world as confusing, disconnected place and believe that their words and actions have little significance or meaning. They develop the kind of disordered behaviors and thoughts. Diathesis-stress hypothesis states that an individual may have inherited a predisposition towards schizo. For schizophrenia to develop, however, that person must contact an environment with certain stressors before the schizophrenia will develop. PERSONALITY DISORDERS • Unable to establish meaningful relationships with other people, to assume social responsibilities, or to adapt to their social environment. • Includes a wide range of self-defeating personality patterns, from painfully shy, lonely types to vain, pushy show-offs. Antisocial • Sometimes called the sociopath or psychopath • Irresponsible, immature, emotionally shallow people who seem to court trouble. • Extremely selfish, the treat people as objects as things to be used for gratification and to be cast coldly aside when no longer wanted. • Seeking thrills is their major occupation. If they should injure other people along the way or break social rules, they do not seem to feel any shame of guilt. It’s the other person’s tough luck. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR DRUG ADDICTION • Physiological addiction-when his system has become so used to the drug that the drugged state becomes the body’s “normal state.” If the drug is not in the body, the person experiences extreme physical discomfort, as he would if he were deprived of oxygen or water. • Tolerance-that is when the body becomes so accustomed to the drug that he has to keep increasing his dosage in order to obtain the “high” that a person can rapidly develop a tolerance for up to 15 times the original dose. • Withdrawal is a state of physical and psychological upset during which the body and the mind revolt against, and finally get used to, the absence of the drug. Alcoholism • 88% of all high school seniors have consumed alcohol. 54% within the past month. • By graduation 92% have tried it. • 35% report having consumed 5 or more drinks in a row within the previous 2 weeks and 4% of graduating seniors are drinking alcohol daily. • 10% of drinking adults consume about ½ of all the alcohol sold in the US. • 50% or more of the deaths in automobile accidents each year can be traced to alcohol. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Alcoholism • ½ of all murders either the killer or the victim has been drinking. • First psychological function that it slows down is our inhibitions. (depressant) • Perceptions and sensations become distorted, and behavior may become obnoxious. • Alcohol can produce psychological dependence, tolerance, and addiction. • First stage-the individual discovers that alcohol reduces his or her tensions, gives confidence, and reduces social pressures. • Second stage- individual drinks heavily has to hide the habit • Third stage-drinks compulsively, beginning in the morning and goes on drinking sprees for weeks. • First step treating the alcoholic is to see he or she through the violent withdrawal called delirium tremens and try to make them healthier. (drugs or psychotherapy) • Alcoholic’s Anonymous has been more successful than most organizations. • There is no certain cure for alcoholism. One problem is that our society tends to encourage social drinking and to tolerate the first stage of alcoholism. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR DSM-IV-T-R • Within each diagnostic category, the following descriptions are included: 1.essential features of the disorder those that define the disorder. 2. associated features-features that are usually present. 3. differential diagnosis-that is how to distinguish this disorder from other disorders with which it might be confused. 4. diagnostic criteria-a list of symptoms, taken from the lists of essential and associated features, that must be present for the patient to be given this diagnostic label. • More precise diagnostic criteria reduce the chances that the same patient will get two different diagnoses. • DSM IV uses five major dimensions are axes to describe a person’s mental functioning. • Each axis reflects a different aspect of a patient’s case. • Axis 1 is used to classify current symptoms into explicitly defined categories. First evident in infancy, childhood or adolescence (conduct disorders) to substance-use disorders (such as alcoholism), to schizophrenia ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR • • • The Problem of Classification In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association agreed upon a standard system for classifying abnormal symptoms, which it published in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM. The most recent revision, the DSM-IV (1994) Reasons for revisions Too vague DSM-III and DSM-III-R systems listed more concrete and specific symptoms for a diagnosis. Prior to DSM-III, disorders were classified not only by symptoms but also assumed causes. This made consistent diagnoses difficult. Large number of disorders added to DSM-III and DSM-III-R. • Individual cases are now diagnosed on five axes or dimensions • • • • • ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR DSM-IV-T-R • Axis II is used to describe developmental disorders and longstanding personality disorders or maladaptive traits such as compulsives, overdependency, or aggressiveness. Also used to describe specific disorders for children and teens and in some cases adults. Ex: language disorders, reading or writing difficulties, mental retardation, autism, and speech problems. • Axis III is used to describe physical disorders or medical conditions that are potentially relevant to understanding or managing the person. In some cases, a physical disorder may be causing the syndrome diagnosed on either Axis I or II. • Axis IV is a measurement of the current stress level at which the person is functioning. A seven-point code is used to describe stressors ranging from no apparent stressors (0-1) to catastrophic levels of stress (6). • Axis V is used to describe the highest level of adaptive functioning present within the past year. Adaptive functioning refers to three major areas; social relations, occupational functioning, and use of leisure time. 90 means good functioning in all areas, 50 means serious difficulty, and 10 means there is persistent danger. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR DSM-IV TR Example of diagnosis Axis I: alcohol dependence Axis II: avoidant personality disorder Axis III: diabetes Axis IV: 3:loss of job, one child moved out of house, marital conflict Axis V: 45: major impairment in several areas.