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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 1 Defining Psychological Health Positive Psychology › Positive definition Abraham Maslow’s “Toward a Psychology of Being” (1960’s) Hierarchy of needs › Realism › Acceptance Self-concept Self-esteem › Autonomy › Authenticity › Capacity for intimacy › Creativity © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 2 What Psychological Health is Not Not the same as psychological normality Mentally normal simply means being close to average Psychological diversity › Range of ideas, lifestyles and attitudes “Mentally ill” versus “Mentally healthy” © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 3 Meeting Life’s Challenges Growing Up Psychologically › Developing an adult identity › Developing intimacy › Developing values and purpose in your life © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 4 Achieving Healthy Self-Esteem Developing a Positive Self-Concept › Begins in childhood › Integration › Stability Meeting Challenges to Self-Esteem › Notice your patterns of thinking › Avoid focusing on the negative › Develop realistic self-talk Being Less Defensive Being Optimistic © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 5 Maintaining Healthy SelfEsteem Maintaining honest communication › Assertiveness training Dealing with loneliness Dealing with anger › Managing your own anger › Dealing with anger in other people © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 6 Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders › Simple, or specific, phobia Fear of something definite Most common and understandable › Social phobia 15 million Americans Fear of humiliation or embarrassment while being observed by others › Panic disorders Sudden unexpected surges in anxiety Rapid and strong heart beat Shortness of breath Loss of physical equilibrium Feeling of losing mental control © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 7 Psychological Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) › Reaction to future threats is to worry › Worries have taken over Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) › Obsessions – recurrent, unwanted thoughts › Compulsions – repetitive, difficult-to-resist actions Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) › Reaction to a severely traumatic event Treating anxiety disorders › Medication › Psychological interventions Cognitive-behavioral © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8 Mood Disorders Depression › Demoralization Feeling of sadness and hopelessness Loss of pleasure in doing usual activities Poor appetite and weight loss Insomnia or disturbed sleep Restlessness or, alternatively, fatigue Thoughts of worthlessness and guilt Trouble concentrating or making decisions Thoughts of death or suicide › Dysthymic disorder Symptoms for longer than 2 years › Treating depression Medications, therapy, electroconvulsive therapy Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 9 Mood Disorders Mania and Bipolar Disorder › Mania versus bipolar disorder › Treatment Schizophrenia › Not rare › Uncertainty about causes › General characteristics Disorganized thoughts Inappropriate emotions Delusions Auditory hallucinations Deteriorating social and work functioning © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 10 Getting Help Self-help › › › › Books Writing a journal Religious belief and practice Social network Peer counseling and support groups Professional help › Determine the need › Types of psychotherapy › Choosing a mental health professional Psychiatrists Clinical psychologists Social workers Licensed counselors Clergy Treatment team © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 11 Suicide and Self-Injury Suicide statistics › Prevalence › Gender › Ethnicity › Age Self-inflicted injury › Prevalence › Gender › Maladaptive coping strategy › Possible warning sign © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 12 Suicide: Warning Signs & Risk Factors Expressing the wish to be dead or revealing contemplated methods Increasing social withdrawal/isolation Sudden inexplicable lightening of mood History of previous attempts © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Suicide by a family member or friend Readily available means of committing suicide History of substance abuse or eating disorders Serious medical problems 13 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 14