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Stress & Psychopathology 9.00 Intro Psych T.Konkle 10 May 2007 Agenda (1) turn back papers (2) quiz (3) stress review (4) psychopathology http://youtube.com/watch?v=aaycLWgMX5w what kinds of stress are there acute physical psychological chronic what does psychological stress do to your body? activates the sympathetics nervous system - brain to spine organs blood vessels sweat glands muscles hairs (goosebumps) - emergency arousal activation - four f's flight fright fight, and sex - releases epinephrine norepinephrine If you are stressed: will these help? a stress ball? aggression hostility planning out your assignments so you know what you have to do next writing in a diary going to the beach meditation watching a comedy hanging out with some friends thinking about your stressors in a different way which brain area is one of the most susceptible to damage by stress? People with PTSD have smaller hippocampi. Is this due to the stress they went through or did they have smaller hippocampi to begin with? how do we know the answer? can stress make your hair go white? • Q. Can Your Hair Turn White from Fright or Turn Gray Overnight? • From Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., Your Guide to Chemistry. • A. You've heard tales of extreme fright or stress turning a person's hair suddenly gray or white overnight, but can it really happen? History records that the hair of some condemned prisoners [e.g., Thomas More (1535) and Marie Antoinette (1793)] turned white overnight before their executions. However, I am unaware of any modern reports of this happening. It's documented your apparent natural haircolor can change over the course of several weeks/months from conditions that affect your hormones (such as pregnancy) or from taking certain medications (like chemotherapy), but can you go gray overnight? Let's look at the chemistry of hair to answer the question. Hair is a protein that gets its natural color from the presence of a pigment called melanin. Anyone who has bleached their hair can tell you it's chemically possible to render the melanin colorless. http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/whiteovernight.htm • Therefore if your sudden fright has something to do with exposure to ionizing radiation or bleach, I can see white hair being a possible outcome, though less likely than baldness or death. Seriously, unless you are playing with toxic radiation or chemicals, you can't instantly change your hair color. Can fear or stress or any extraordinary emotion change the color of your hair? Yes, but not instantly. Your psychological state has a significant impact on the hormones that can effect the amount of melanin deposited in each strand of hair, but the effect of emotion takes a long time to see. The hair you see on your head emerged from its follicle a long time ago. So, graying or any other color change is a gradual process, occurring over the course of several weeks, months, or years. http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/whiteovernight.htm • Your emotions can't instantly change the color of your hair, but it is possible you could turn gray overnight. How? A medical condition termed "diffuse alopecia areata" can result in sudden hair loss. The biochemistry of alopecia isn't well understood, but in people who have a mix of dark and gray or white hair, the uncolored hair is less likely to fall out. The result? A person can appear to go gray overnight. Although I didn't find any references on this, the implication to me is your hair thins or you become bald if you don't have any gray hair, which for some reason is less resistant to the effect. Sudden hair loss can be caused by certain drugs, medical conditions, or by sudden stress. It tends to occur over the course of several days/weeks, but the result is still dramatic. http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/whiteovernight.htm Discussion: Belief matters • result: believing you’re in control of shocks, even if you aren’t, reduces stress • result: believing a drug will work, even if it doesn’t, improves healing • result: believing life is getting better, even if you don’t know if it will or not, reduces stress • result: believing a situation is a learning opportunity, rather than a harmful thing, will reduce stress Question: Can you make yourself believe something, or do you have to be told it by some one else? Psychopathology the study of mental illness mood or affective disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, eating disorders, developmental disorders, personality disorders, and many other categories The DSM has also been criticized for allegedly classifying behaviors that are simply unacceptable in the society of that time such as homosexuality (listed in the DSM until 1974).[23] Furthermore the potential of conflict of interest has also been questioned. Roughly 50% of the authors who previously defined psychiatric disorders have had or have relations with drug companies.[24] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statisti cal_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders Thinking about mental disorders Question: Is it right to think of these as disease? Why or why not? but… consider ‘female hysteria’ take diabetes: Diabetes results from lack of the hormone insulin, which is essential for the transfer of glucose from the blood to the tissues. Female hysteria was an incorrectly diagnosed medical condition in Western medicine that is not currently acknowledged by the medical community. It was a popular diagnosis in the Victorian era for a wide array of symptoms including faintness, nervousness, insomnia, fluid retention, heaviness in abdomen, muscle spasm, shortness of breath, irritability, loss of appetite for food or sex, and a "tendency to cause trouble" Water massages as a treatment for hysteria c. 1860 The profound reality: A prevalent view: well, if you can see a difference in the brain in people that have depression and people that are normal, then it depression must be a disease and not a social problem. “Whether it's society driving it or biological marker, the brain's going to show it! Who we are is in our brains. because there's a brain difference, it doesn't tell you if it's a top down social disease or a biological bottom up disease.” – J.G. Lets talk about treatment. TRUE or FALSE: you know if you’ve got the right diagnosis for a mental disorder if the person responds to treatment. False: Sometimes this is true. For example, neuroleptic drugs given to schizophrenics block DA receptors, which as lead to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. But, in the case of ADHD, ritalin helps children with ADHD but also helps normal children (e.g. the false alarm task, from lecture). So, Schizophrenics are treated with neuroleptic drugs which keeps extra DA out of the system. Is this the same as giving insulin? Does this fix the problem of schizophrenia? No. Side effects of treating Schizophrenia are tardive diskensia. (or clozapine which risks liver and immune system) “no drug 'treats' a disease. they all 'manage' a disease. they all have side effects.” - J.G. More treatment We know that mental disorders have a biological basis, because minds come from brains. But, if these are mental disorders, can we treat them mentally? disorder what works best OCD therapy Depression Drugs and Therapy ADHD drugs question: when should you use a drug and when shouldn't you? in most cases it depends. any extreme position is not going to capture the reality present in the data. Discussion What are the symptoms of Autism? How prevalent is it? Should we treat Autism? Or, is autism just a different way of being in the world?