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SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS • 1-Disturbances of consciousness &orientation • a-Disorientation :loss of awareness of position of the self in relation to space , time &persons • b-clouding of consciousness : patient react incompletely to stimuli. • c-Stupor : patient is mute and immobile . • d-coma : patient does not respond even to strong stimuli. Disorders of attention • 1- Distractibility : inability to focus attention • Seen in mania &anxiety. • 2-Hypervigilance:excessive attention and focus on all external &internal stimuli • Seen in hypomania &obsessive persons. • 3- Inattention : blocking out only those things that generate anxiety. DISTURBANCES MEMORY • • • • • • Types of memory: Sensory M. Short term memory Long term memory:(explicit & implicit) Disorders of memory: 1-Amnesia(localized-anterograde-retrograde) 2-Paramnesia(falsification-confabulation-de ja vu-jamais vu phenomenons) Disorders of affect and mood • • • • • • • • • • • Affect disorders: Appropriate affect Blunted affect Labile affect Mood disorders: Depression Labile mood Euphoria Others: Anxiety Ambivalence - inappropriate affect -flat affect - irritable mood -elevated mood -anhedonia - fear-phobia- panic DISTURBANCES OF THINKING • • • • • • • • • Disorders in the form: Loss of association{ vagueness, incoherence} Derailment - irrelevance Flight of ideas -clang association Word salad -verbigeration Blocking -circumstantiality Preservation -echolalia Neologism -stereotypy Concrete thinking DISTURBANCES OF THINKING • Disorders in the contents: • Poverty of content :little information or obscure phrases. • Preoccupation of thought :centering on particular idea. • Overvalued ideas: unreasonable &sustained false belief neither delusional or obsessional in nature. • Delusions: false fixed belief ,not consistent with patient culture, personality & education. • Obsessional &compulsive symptoms: DISTURBANCES OF THINKING • • • • • • • • • • • • • • According to fixity: Complete -partial According to the onset: Primary -secondary Other delusional experiences: Delusional mood -delusional memory Delusional perception According to systematization: Bizarre delusion -systematized delusion According to relation with mood: Mood congruent -mood incongruent According to other features: Shared delusion -encapsulated Crystallized delusion DISTURBANCES OF THINKING • According to theme of delusion: • • • • • • • • • Persecutory delusion Delusion of reference Delusion of grandeur Delusion of control Delusion of guilt Delusion of poverty Nihilistic delusion Delusion of infidelity Hypochondriacal (somatic )delusion Obsessional and compulsive symptoms • These are recurrent thought, impulses or images that enter the mind despite the patient resist it. • Forms of obsessions: • Obsessional thoughts - ruminations • Obsessional doubts -impulses • Obsessional phobia • Compulsions(rituals): • Checking -cleaning • Counting -dressing Disturbances of Speech • • • • • • • Pressure of speech -poverty of speech Dysartheria -stuttering Aphasia(motor , sensory & nominal ) Disturbances of motor behavior: Tics mannerisms stereotype Negativism Echopraxia resistance Catatonia(catalepsy , catatonic stupor ,rigidity, posturing & waxy flexibility) Disturbances of perception • • • • • • • Hallucination -Illusion Depersonalization -Derealization Types of hallucination: A-according to complexity Elementary & complex B-according to sensory modality: Visual ,auditory ,tactile, olfactory, gustatory , hallucination of deep sensation , autoscopic H& reflex H. Illusion • • • • Misperception of real external stimulus. More common in organic mental disorders. Depersonalization : subjective of being strange. Derealization : subjective sense the environment is strange & unreal. • These phenomena occur in: • Tiered healthy patients sleep ,sensory deprivation -depressive disorder-temporal lobe epilepsyschizophrenia-anxiety disorder. Disturbances of intelligence • • • • 1-Mental retardation 2-dementia Disturbances of insight: The ability of the patient to understand the true cause and meaning of a situation. Etiology of psychiatric illness • • • • • • • • Classification of causes: 1- predisposing factors 2-percipitating factors 3-perpetuating factors Approaches to etiology : Biological psychodynamic Sociocultural behavioral biopsychosocial Other factors related to psychiatric etiology • 1-social factors 2-genetic • 3- life events 4-biochemical • 5-endocrionolgy 6-physiology • 7-Neuropathology 8-experimental &clinical psychology