Download SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHIATRIC
DISORDERS
• 1-Disturbances of consciousness &orientation
• a-Disorientation :loss of awareness of position
of the self in relation to space , time &persons
• b-clouding of consciousness : patient react
incompletely to stimuli.
• c-Stupor : patient is mute and immobile .
• d-coma : patient does not respond even to
strong stimuli.
Disorders of attention
• 1- Distractibility : inability to focus attention
• Seen in mania &anxiety.
• 2-Hypervigilance:excessive attention and
focus on all external &internal stimuli
• Seen in hypomania &obsessive persons.
• 3- Inattention : blocking out only those things
that generate anxiety.
DISTURBANCES MEMORY
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Types of memory:
Sensory M.
Short term memory
Long term memory:(explicit & implicit)
Disorders of memory:
1-Amnesia(localized-anterograde-retrograde)
2-Paramnesia(falsification-confabulation-de ja
vu-jamais vu phenomenons)
Disorders of affect and mood
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Affect disorders:
Appropriate affect
Blunted affect
Labile affect
Mood disorders:
Depression
Labile mood
Euphoria
Others:
Anxiety
Ambivalence
- inappropriate affect
-flat affect
- irritable mood
-elevated mood
-anhedonia
- fear-phobia- panic
DISTURBANCES OF THINKING
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Disorders in the form:
Loss of association{ vagueness, incoherence}
Derailment
- irrelevance
Flight of ideas
-clang association
Word salad
-verbigeration
Blocking
-circumstantiality
Preservation
-echolalia
Neologism
-stereotypy
Concrete thinking
DISTURBANCES OF THINKING
• Disorders in the contents:
• Poverty of content :little information or obscure
phrases.
• Preoccupation of thought :centering on particular
idea.
• Overvalued ideas: unreasonable &sustained false
belief neither delusional or obsessional in nature.
• Delusions: false fixed belief ,not consistent with
patient culture, personality & education.
• Obsessional &compulsive symptoms:
DISTURBANCES OF THINKING
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According to fixity:
Complete
-partial
According to the onset:
Primary
-secondary
Other delusional experiences:
Delusional mood -delusional memory
Delusional perception
According to systematization:
Bizarre delusion
-systematized delusion
According to relation with mood:
Mood congruent
-mood incongruent
According to other features:
Shared delusion
-encapsulated
Crystallized delusion
DISTURBANCES OF THINKING
• According to theme of delusion:
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Persecutory delusion
Delusion of reference
Delusion of grandeur
Delusion of control
Delusion of guilt
Delusion of poverty
Nihilistic delusion
Delusion of infidelity
Hypochondriacal (somatic )delusion
Obsessional and compulsive symptoms
• These are recurrent thought, impulses or images
that enter the mind despite the patient resist it.
• Forms of obsessions:
• Obsessional thoughts
- ruminations
• Obsessional doubts
-impulses
• Obsessional phobia
• Compulsions(rituals):
• Checking
-cleaning
• Counting
-dressing
Disturbances of Speech
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Pressure of speech
-poverty of speech
Dysartheria
-stuttering
Aphasia(motor , sensory & nominal )
Disturbances of motor behavior:
Tics
mannerisms
stereotype
Negativism
Echopraxia
resistance
Catatonia(catalepsy , catatonic stupor ,rigidity,
posturing & waxy flexibility)
Disturbances of perception
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Hallucination
-Illusion
Depersonalization
-Derealization
Types of hallucination:
A-according to complexity
Elementary & complex
B-according to sensory modality:
Visual ,auditory ,tactile, olfactory, gustatory ,
hallucination of deep sensation , autoscopic H&
reflex H.
Illusion
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Misperception of real external stimulus.
More common in organic mental disorders.
Depersonalization : subjective of being strange.
Derealization : subjective sense the environment
is strange & unreal.
• These phenomena occur in:
• Tiered healthy patients sleep ,sensory deprivation
-depressive disorder-temporal lobe epilepsyschizophrenia-anxiety disorder.
Disturbances of intelligence
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1-Mental retardation
2-dementia
Disturbances of insight:
The ability of the patient to understand the
true cause and meaning of a situation.
Etiology of psychiatric illness
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Classification of causes:
1- predisposing factors
2-percipitating factors
3-perpetuating factors
Approaches to etiology :
Biological
psychodynamic
Sociocultural
behavioral
biopsychosocial
Other factors related to psychiatric
etiology
• 1-social factors
2-genetic
• 3- life events
4-biochemical
• 5-endocrionolgy
6-physiology
• 7-Neuropathology
8-experimental &clinical psychology