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Chapter 4
Developing through the lifespan
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Zygote

The fertilized egg; in enters a two-week
period of rapid cell division and develops into
an embryo.
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Embryo
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The developing human organism from about
two weeks after fertilization through the
second month.
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Fetus
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The developing human organism from nine
weeks after conception to birth
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Teratogens
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Agents, such as chemical and virus, they can
reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal
development cause harm.
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Prenatal development
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Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Physical and cognitive abnormalities in
children caused by a pregnant woman’s
heavy drinking.
In severe cases, symptoms include
noticeable facial misproportions.
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Rooting reflex
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A baby’s tendency, when touched on the
cheek, to turn toward touch, open the mouth,
and search for the nipple.
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Habituation
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Decreasing responsiveness with repeated
stimulation. As intense gains familiarity with
his exposure to a visual stimulus, their
interest wanes and they look away sooner.
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Maturation
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Biological growth process that enable orderly
changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced
by experience.
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Schema
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A concept or framework that organizes and
interprets information.
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Assimilation

Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of
one existing schemas.
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Accommodation
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Adapting one’s current understandings
[schema] to incorporate new information.
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Cognition

All the mental light to that is associated with
thinking, knowing, remembering, and
communicating.
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Sensorimotor stage
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In Piaget’s theory, the stage during which
infants know the world mostly in terms of their
sensory impressions and motor activities.
Birth to about two years of age
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Object permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist
even when not perceived.
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Preoperational stage
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In Piaget’s theory, the stage during which a
child learns to use language but does not yet
comprehend the mental operations of
concrete logic.
From about two years of age to six or seven
years of age.
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Conservation

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The principle that properties such as mass,
volume, and number remain the same
despite changes in forms of objects.
Piaget believed this to be part of the concrete
operational reasoning.
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Theory of mind

Peoples ideas about their own and others’
mental states – about their feelings,
perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior
these might predict.
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Autism

A disorder that appears in childhood and is
more quite efficient communication, social
interaction, and understanding of other states
of mind.
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Concrete operational stage

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive
development during which children gain the
mental operations that enable them to think
logically about concrete events.
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Formal operational stage

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive
development during which people begin to
think logically about abstract concepts.

Normally beginning about age 12
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Stranger anxiety

The fear of strangers that infants calmly
display, beginning by about eight months of
age.
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Attachment

An emotional tie with another person; shown
in young children by their seeking closeness
to the caregiver and showing distress on
separation.
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Critical period
An optimal period shortly after birth when an
organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or
experiences produces proper development.
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Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form
attachments during a critical period very early
in life.
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Basic trust

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the
world is predictable and trustworthy; said to
be formed during infancy by appropriate
experiences with responsive caregivers.
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Self-concept

A sense of one’s identity and personal worth.
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Adolescents

The transition period from childhood to
adulthood extending from puberty to
independence.
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Primary sex characteristics

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and
external genitalia) that makes sexual
reproduction possible.
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Secondary Sex Characteristics

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such
as female breasts and hips, male voice
quality, and body hair.
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Menarche

First menstrual period
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Identity
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One’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the
adolescent task is to solidify a sense of self
by testing and integrating various roles.
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Intimacy
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In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form loving
relationships; a primary development task in
late adolescence and early adulthood.
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Menopause

The time of natural cessation of
menstruation; also refers the biological
change a woman experiences as her ability
to reproduce declines.
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Alzheimer’s disease
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A progressive and irreversible brain disorder
characterized by gradual deterioration of
memory, reasoning, language, and, finally,
the physical functioning.
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Cross-sectional study
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A study in which people of different ages are
compared with one another.
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Longitudinal study
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Research in which the same people are
restudy then retested over a long period.
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Crystallized intelligence

One’s accumulated knowledge and verbal
skills; tends to increase with age.
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Fluid intelligence

One’s ability to reason speedily and
abstractly; tends to decrease during late
adulthood.
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Love

Intimacy, attachment, commitment – lulled by
whatever name – is central to healthy and
happy adulthood.
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