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Review Quiz #2: Nature v. Nurture / Developmental Psychology Chapters 3 and 4 1. Piaget developed four stages of ____________________ development. The first stage, the __________________________ stage, included the accomplishment of ____________________ . A Primary characteristic of the pre-operational stage is ___________________ . Abstract reasoning is a primary accomplishment of the _____________________________, while conservation occurs in the _________________________ stage. 2. Piaget believed that toddlers developed basic concepts, or __________________________ , through early life experiences. The modification of concepts to fit new experiences is called ___________________________ . the application of existing concepts to new experiences is called _________________________________ . 3. Erikson, a neo-Freudian, transformed Freud’s psychosexual stages into ____________________ stages. He theorized that there were _____ stages, with each presenting a central conflict between the individual’s own personality needs versus _________________________________ . Erikson’s adolescent stage, referred to as _______________________________ , is described as the adolescent’s need to define a sense of self by testing certain roles of identity. 4. Provide two examples of research that has provided evidence in support of the idea that personality is chiefly determined by genetics. ______________________________ , _______________________________ . 5. The extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to genetics is called ________________________________ . 6. Two secondary sex characteristics for males are _________________________ and _________________________________ . 7. Studies done by ____________________ involved baby monkeys that were provided two choices, a wire caged mother with a bottle, or a terry clothed mother without food. This study confirmed that _______________ is the primary influence in attachment. Another attachment study conducted by Lorentz demonstrated how some newborn species would attach themselves to whatever they saw first, a phenomenon known as __________________________. 8. Decreased response due to repeated stimulation is known as __________________ . Temperament is characterized as and individual’s _______________________________ . 9. Kohlberg established stages of ____________________ development. a. Preconventional = __________________ or punishment (self-interest) b. __________________ = peer approval. (Adolescence) c. __________________ = values are individualized (rights and values of the individual) 10. _____________________ are damaging agents (chemicals) passed from the mother to a fetus during pregnancy. 11. ______________________ intelligence, or speedy abstract reasoning, tends to peak in the 20’s and slowly recedes with adult development. _____________________ intelligence, or factual knowledge continues to increase though the life span. 12. Alzheimer’s disease is partly caused by a problem with this neurotransmitter: ____________________ . 13. A ______________________________ is a research study comparing different specified age groups. A __________________________ study tracks one age group over time. 14. The onset of menstruation is called the ___________________ and the ending of menstruation is called ________________________ . 15. Of the three parenting styles, ____________________ reflects parents who set very few rules. _____________________ parents set rules but explain them and allow discussion, while _____________________ set rules and expect strict obedience. 16. The _________________ reflex occurs when a baby’s cheek is touched and it instinctively turns to feed. 17. The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if an _______ chromosome is contributed to the mother’s egg. 18. Which of the following cognitive abilities has been shown to decline during adulthood? a. ability to quickly process problems b. ability to recognize new information c. ability to deal with moral issues d. ability to develop crystallized intelligence e. ability to use judgments in dealing with life’s daily problems 19. One of the theories on why adolescents are so emotionally charged and impulsive is that the limbic system has fully developed and the _____________________________ has not , resulting in emotional sentiment taking precedence over reason.