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Oppositional Defiant
Disorder
Brendan Schweda
Definitions

A condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over
a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a
student’s educational performance (as seen in the NYS Regs):
- An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual,
sensory, or health factors.
- An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal
relationships with peers and teachers
- Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances
- A generally pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression; or
- A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with
personal or school problems.
Specific DSM IV ODD Criteria
For at least 6 months, shows defiant, hostile, negativistic
behavior; (4 or more of the following):
-Losing temper
-Arguing with adults
-Actively defying or refusing to carry out the rules or requests
of adults
-Deliberately doing things that annoy others
-Blaming others for own mistakes or misbehavior
-Being touchy or easily annoyed by others
-Being angry and resentful
-Being spiteful or vindictive
Causes

*The exact cause of ODD is not known.*
Some researches believe that cause may be related to certain
biological and environmental factors, such as:
• A child’s temperament and the family’s response to it
• A child’s social skills
• A child’s ability to communicate through language
• How parents discipline and understand the child
• The way a child’s body adjusts to arousal and stimulation

Having parents who are overly concerned with power and control

Disruptive childcare

An inherited disposition to the disorder, possibly both
environmental as well as genetic

Neurological damage
A Few Facts
Studies show that five to 15% of all
school-age children have ODD
All children display most of these
behaviors from time to time
ODD does not usually exist alone:
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Fifty to sixty-five percent of children with ODD have ADHD
35% develop some form of affective disorder
20% have some form of mood disorder
15% develop some form of personality disorder
Connection to Conduct
Disorder
• Conduct Disorder (in DSM-IV): “repetitive and
persistent pattern of behavior in which either the basic
rights of other or major age-appropriate societal norms
or rules are violated.”
• In the DSM-IV, a diagnosis of CD
preempts a diagnosis of ODD.
*Focus on ODD symptoms may help
prevent CD. However, some clinicians
state that the relation of ODD to CD
may be overstated.
Diagnosis
If a doctor suspects ODD, he or she will first:
- Talk with the child and with their parents.
- Review the child’s and the family’s history.
- Obtain information about the child’s
functioning in school.
- Look for signs of other disorders in the child.
Treatment
*Major treatments for ODD exclude medication*
• Parental Training
• Family Psychotherapy
• Social Skills Training
• Cognitive-behavior Therapy
• Child Psychotherapy
Academic Modifications
• Systematically teach Social Skills
• Make sure academic work is at the appropriate level
• Select Materials that encourage student Interaction
• Pace Instruction
• Post the Daily Schedule
• Minimize downtime and plan transitions carefully
• Allow the ODD student to redo assignments
References:
Sutton, James D. “The ODD Page.” DocSpeak. Ed. James Sutton. 10 Oct.
2006. <http://www.docspeak.com/ODD/index.htm>.
Baugh, C. “Oppositional Defiant Disorder”. Spsk12. 1 Oct. 2006.
Shaffer, Rick. “Difficult or Defiant: Understanding Oppositional Defiant
Disorder.” Parenthood. 1 Oct. 2006.
<http://www.parenthood.com/articles.html?article_id=6960&printable=t
rue>.
Kann, R. Traci; Hanna, Fred J. ”Behavior Disorders in Children and
Adolescents: How Do Girls Differ from Boys?” Journal of Counseling &
Development v78 n3 (2000): p267-74
Johnson, James H. “Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder.”
<www.hp.ufl.edu/~jjohnson/ODD.ppt>
Webb, James T. “Mis-Diagnosis and Dual Diagnosis of Gifted Children.”
Annual Conference of the APA. (2000)