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HUMAN SKELETON AN ENDOSKELETON CARTILAGE • HYALINE • ELASTIC • FIBROCARTILAGE STRUCTURE OF CARTILAGE • • • • MATRIX CHONDROCYTES/ CHONDROBLASTS PERICHONDRIUM MATRIX CHONDROBLASTS CHONDROCYTES INTERSTITIAL VS APPOSITIONAL GROWTH TYPES OF CARTILAGE • HYALINE CARTILAGE • ELASTIC CARTILAGE • FIBROCARTILAGE HYALINE CARTILAGE • COVERS ARTICULAR SURFACES • CARTILAGINOUS PORTION OF NOSE • COSTAL CARTILAGE HYALINE CARTILAGE • • • • • • MOST COMMON TYPE OF CARTILAGE CLOSELY PACKED COLLAGEN FIBERS TRANSLUCENT COSTAL CARTILAGES TRACHEAL CARTILAGES ARTICULAR CARTILAGES ELASTIC CARTILAGE • PINNA OF EAR • EUSTACHIAN TUBES • GLOTTIS • CUNEIFORM CARTILAGES OF LARYNX FIBROCARTILAGE • LITTLE GROUND SUBSTANCE • PREDOMINANTLY COLLAGEN FIBERS • INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS • SYMPHYSIS PUBIS • MENISCI OF KNEE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON • • • • • • SUPPORT MOVEMENT PROTECTION MINERAL RESERVE HEMATOPOIESIS FAT STORAGE BONE CLASSIFICATION • • • • • LONG BONES SHORT BONES FLAT BONES IRREGULAR BONES SESAMOID BONES LONG BONES • • • • • • • HUMERUS RADIUS ULNA FEMUR TIBIA FIBULA PHALANGES SHORT BONES • CARPALS • TARSALS • SESAMOID BONES SESAMOID BONES • SHORT BONES EMBEDDED IN TENDONS • PATELLA FLAT BONES • CALVARIUM • RIBS • STERNUM IRREGULAR BONES • • • • • ETHMOID SPHENOID VERTEBRAE SCAPULA PELVIC BONES LONG BONE STRUCTURE • DIAPHYSIS • EPIPHYSES • MEDULLARY CAVITY • ENDOSTEUM • PERISOTEUM PERIOSTEUM SHARPEY’S FIBERS ENDOSTEUM YELLOW BONE MARROW RED BONE MARROW SPONGY BONE SPONGY BONE COMPACT BONE STRUCTURE OF COMPACT BONE EPIPHYSEAL LINE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE FLAT BONE STRUCTURE HISTOLOGY OF BONE BONE MATRIX • 35 PERCENT ORGANIC COLLAGEN PROTEOGLYCANS • 65 PERCENT INORGANIC HYDROXYAPATITE TYPES OF BONE CELLS • OSTEOBLASTS • OSTEOCYTES • OSTEOCLASTS OSTEOBLASTS • EXTENSIVE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM • LOTS OF RIBOSOMES • PRODUCE COLLAGEN AND PROTEOGLYCANS • PRODUCE HYDROXYAPATITE • PRECURSORS FUNCTION OF OSTEOBLASTS • OSSIFICATION OR OSTEOGENESIS OSTEOCYTES • FORMED WHEN OSTEOBLASTS ARE SURROUNDED BY MATRIX • MAINTAIN MATRIX AROUND THEMSELVES • LACUNAE • CANLICULI OSTEOCLASTS OSTEOCLASTS • • • • LARGE CELLS MULTINUCLEATE RUFFLED BORDER PUMP HYDROGEN IONS AND ENZYMES INTO MATRIX RESORPTION OF BONE • OSTEOCLAST PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE • OSTEOBLAST ASSIST WHERE DO BONE CELLS COME FROM • MESENCHYMAL CELLS • STEM CELLS • OSTEOGENIC/OSTEO PROGENITOR CELLS • OSTEOCLASTS HAVE A DIFFERENT ORIGIN ORGANIZATION OF BONY TISSUE WOVEN VS LAMELLAR CANCELLOUS VS COMPACT CANCELLOUS BONE • INTERCONNECTING RODS OR PLATES • TRABECULAE • SPONGY BONE COMPACT BONE • • • • • DENSER FEWER SPACES OSTEONS CENTRAL CANAL PERFORATING CANALS HOW DOES BONE DEVELOP INTRAMEMBRANOUS VS ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION MESENCHYMAL MEMBRANE FORMATION BEGINS ABOUT 5TH WEEK GESTATION OSSIFICATION BEGINS AT ABOUT 8TH WEEK GESTATION IS COMPLETED BY ABOUT TWO YEARS OF AGE BONES FORMED BY INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION • SKULL BONES • MANDIBLE • PARTS OF CLAVICLES RED BONE MARROW ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION CARTILAGE FORMATION BEGINS AT ABOUT THE FOURTH WEEK OF GESTATION OSSIFICATION BEGINS AT ABOUT 8 WEEKS OF GESTATION SOME MAY NOT BEGIN OSSIFICATION UNTIL LATER BONES FORMED BY ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION • FEMUR • HUMERUS • ETC BONE GROWTH • APPOSITIONAL GROWTH ROLE OF THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE IN BONE GROWTH • • • • ZONE OF RESTING CARTILAGE ZONE OF PROLIFERATION ZONE OF HYPERTROPHY ZONE OF DIFFERENTIATION ZONE OF RESTING CARTILAGE ZONE OF PROLIFERATION ZONE OF HYPERTROPHY ZONE OF DIFFERENTIATION HOW THE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE GROWS • SIMILAR TO PROCESS IN EPIPHYSEAL PLATE • COLUMNS ARE NOT AS PRONOUNCED HOW BONES INCREASE IN DIAMETER • APPOSITIONAL GROWTH FACTORS THAT AFFECT BONE GROWTH • NUTRITION • HORMONES NUTRITION • VITAMIN D • VITAMIN C VITAMIN D • NECESSARY FOR ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM • SYNTHESIZED BY BODY OR INGESTED • LACK CAN CAUSE RICKETS OR OSTEOMALACIA VITAMIN C • NEEDED FOR COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS HORMONES • • • • GROWTH HORMONE THYROID HORMONE ESTROGENS ANDROGENS GROWTH HORMONE • INCREASE TISSUE GROWTH • INCREASE BONE GROWTH • STIMULATES INTERSTITIAL CARTILAGE GROWTH • STIMULATES BONE GROWTH THYROID HORMONE • STIMULATES NORMAL CARTILAGE GROWTH ESTROGENS • STIMULATE GROWTH • CAUSES RAPID GROWTH AT EPIPHYSEAL PLATE • CAUSE QUICKER CLOSURE OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE • THIS IS WHY FEMALES ARE GENERALLY SMALLER THAN MALES TESTOSTERONE • STIMULATES BONE GROWTH • SLOWER TO CLOSE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE • THAT IS WHY MALES ARE GENERALLY TALLER BONE REMODELING • REMOVAL OF OLD BONE BY OSTEOCLASTS • DEPOSITION OF NEW BONE BY OSTEOBLASTS FUNCTIONS OF REMODELING • CONVERTS WOVEN BONE INTO LAMELLAR BONE • BONE GROWTH • CHANGES IN BONE SHAPE • ADJUSTMENTS TO STRESS • BONE REPAIR • CALCIUM ION REGULATION CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS • PARATHYROID HORMONE • CALCITONIN PARATHYROID HORMONE • MAJOR REGULATOR OF BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS • DIRECT EFFECT ON OSTEOBLASTS • INDIRECT EFFECT ON OSTEOCLASTS • INCREASES UPTAKE OF CALCIUM BY GI TRACT • PROMOTES FORMATION OF VITAMIN D BY KIDNEYS • INCREASES REABSORPTION OF CALCIUM BY KIDNEYS CALCITONIN • DECREASES OSTEOCLAST ACTIVITY • INCREASES CALCIUM STORAGE BONE FRACTURES AND REPAIR TYPES OF FRACTURES SIMPLE SIMPLE COMPOUND COMMINUTED DEPRESSED FRACTURE IMPACTED SPIRAL GREENSTICK COLLE’S FRACTURE POTTS FRACTURE COMPRESSION FRACTURE Repair of a Fracture (1) • Formation of fracture hematoma – damaged blood vessels produce clot in 6-8 hours, bone cells die – inflammation brings in phagocytic cells for clean-up duty – new capillaries grow into damaged area • Formation of fibrocartilagenous callus formation – fibroblasts invade the procallus & lay down collagen fibers – chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage to span the broken ends of the bone Repair of a Fracture (2) • Formation of bony callus – osteoblasts secrete spongy bone that joins 2 broken ends of bone – lasts 3-4 months • Bone remodeling – compact bone replaces the spongy in the bony callus – surface is remodeled back to normal shape BONE REPAIR • • • • • HEMATOMA FORMATION INTERNAL CALLUS FORMATION EXTERNAL CALLUS FORMATION CARTILAGE OSSIFICATION BONE REMODELING HEMATOMA CALLOUS FORMATION CARTILAGINOUS CALLUS CONVERSION TO BONY CALLUS BONE REMODELING IMPORTANCE OF STRESS IN BONE REPAIR EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM • LOSS OF CALCIUM FROM BONE • MORE SEVERE IN WOMEN THAN MEN • PROTEIN SYNTHESIS MAY SLOW LEADING TO BRITTLE BONES
