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Chapter 19
Endocrinology
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• Endocrinology
– A subspecialty of internal medicine
– The study of the function of the endocrine glands
• _______________: a physician who diagnoses and
treats hormone problems
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Answers
•Endocrinology
– A subspecialty of internal medicine
– The study of the function of the endocrine glands
• Endocrinologist: a physician who diagnoses and
treats hormone problems
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Anatomy of the Endocrine System
• Endocrine glands
– Located in different parts of the body
– Not connected to each other
• Glands release ___________
• Hormones regulate bodily processes
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Answers
•Endocrine glands
– Located in different parts of the body
– Not connected to each other
• Glands release hormones
• Hormones regulate bodily processes
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Endocrine Glands
• Pituitary (hypophysis)
– Located below ____________
– Called the “master gland”
– Release of hormones controlled by the hypothalamus
– Divided into __________ and __________ lobes
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Answers
•Pituitary (hypophysis)
– Located below hypothalamus
– Called the “master gland”
– Release of hormones controlled by the hypothalamus
– Divided into anterior and posterior lobes
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• Anterior gland
– Prolactin (PRL)
– _______________ (somatotropin) (GH)
– ______________ hormone (corticotropin) (ACTH)
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Answers
• Anterior gland
– Prolactin (PRL)
– Growth hormone (somatotropin) (GH)
– Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) (ACTH)
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• Anterior gland (continued)
– Thyroid-stimulating hormone (____________) (TSH)
–
Gonadotropins:
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (______)
• ___________ hormone (LH)
• _______________stimulating hormone (ICSH)
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Answers
• Anterior gland (continued)
– Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) (TSH)
–
Gonadotropins:
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH
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• Posterior gland
– ___________ (OC)
–
_____________ hormone (vasopressin) (ADH)
• Pineal gland
– Located in ___________ ventricle of the brain
– Produces __________ (regulates body’s clock)
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Answers
• Posterior gland
– Oxytocin (OC)
–
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) (ADH)
• Pineal gland
– Located in third ventricle of the brain
– Produces melatonin (regulates body’s clock)
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• Thyroid gland
– A ___________-shaped gland
– Two lobes wrap around the ___________
– Regulates the body's ___________
– Produces _3, __4 and calcitonin
• ____ and _____ regulate metabolism
• ___________ regulates high balance of calcium
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Answers
•Thyroid gland
– A butterfly-shaped gland
– Two lobes wrap around the trachea
– Regulates the body's metabolism
– Produces T3, T4 and calcitonin
• T3 and T4 regulate metabolism
• Calcitonin regulates high balance of calcium
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• Parathyroid glands
– ________ glands located on the back of each lobe of
the thyroid gland
– Regulate _________ balance of calcium
• Thymus gland
– Located behind the _________
– Part of both the __________ system and
_________system
– Releases __________which helps T cells to mature
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Answers
•Parathyroid glands
– Four glands located on the back of each lobe of the
thyroid gland
– Regulate low balance of calcium
• Thymus gland
– Located behind the sternum
– Part of both the immune system and endocrine
system
– Releases thymosin which helps T cells to mature
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• Adrenals (suprarenal glands)
– Lie on top of each __________
– __________ cortex: upper region of the adrenal
gland
• Cortisol
• Corticosterone
• Aldosterone
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Answers
•Adrenals (suprarenal glands)
– Lie on top of each kidney
– Adrenal cortex: upper region of the adrenal gland
• Cortisol
• Corticosterone
• Aldosterone
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– ____________: Inner part (core) of the adrenal
gland
– Releases “________ or _________” hormones
– ________________ (epinephrine and
norepinephrine):
• Increases heart rate, blood flow to the muscles
and brain
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Answers
– Adrenal medulla: Inner part (core) of the adrenal
gland
– Releases “fight or flight” hormones
– Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine):
• Increases heart rate, blood flow to the muscles
and brain
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• Pancreas
– Part of both the __________ system and _________
system
– Regulates ___________
– Islets of Langerhans: __________________
• ___________: Rising levels of blood sugar
(hyperglycemia)
• ____________: Low levels of blood sugar
(hypoglycemia)
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Answers
•Pancreas
– Part of both the digestive system and endocrine
system
– Regulates blood sugar
– Islets of Langerhans: Produce insulin and glucagon
• Insulin: Rising levels of blood sugar
(hyperglycemia)
• Glucagon: Low levels of blood sugar
(hypoglycemia)
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• Gonads
– The _____ glands that make sex cells
– Ovaries in females and testes (testicles) in males
– Ovaries: ___________ and progesterone
– Testes (testicles): testosterone and __________
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Answers
• Gonads
– The sex glands that make sex cells
– Ovaries in females and testes (testicles) in males
– Ovaries: estrogen and progesterone
– Testes (testicles): testosterone and inhibin
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Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine
System
_____________ disorders: production of too much or
too little of a specific hormone
Generally managed by ____________ therapy or therapy
to reduce the activity of the gland
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Answers
Endocrine disorders: production of too much or too little
of a specific hormone
Generally managed by hormone replacement therapy or
therapy to reduce the activity of the gland
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Pituitary Disorders
– _________: Low output of growth hormone during
childhood
– _________: High output of growth hormone during
childhood
– __________: High output of growth hormone
middle-aged adults
• Treatments
– Surgery: ____________ adenectomy
– Medical therapy to control production of growth
hormone
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Answers
– Dwarfism: Low output of growth hormone during
childhood
– Gigantism: High output of growth hormone during
childhood
– Acromegaly: High output of growth hormone middleaged adults
• Treatments
– Surgery: Transsphenoidal adenectomy
– Medical therapy to control production of growth
hormone
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_____________: loss of hormone secretion of anterior
pituitary
_______________: all hormones produced by the
pituitary are affected
– Treatment: restore pituitary to normal function
through ______________ or surgical removal of the
pituitary
Hyperparathyroidism
– _____________ (PTH) secreted, resulting in
(hypercalcemia)
– Treatment: Surgical removal (parathyroidectomy)
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Answers
Hypopituitarism: loss of hormone secretion of anterior
pituitary
Panhypopituitarism: all hormones produced by the
pituitary are affected
– Treatment: restore pituitary to normal function
through hormone therapy or surgical removal of the
pituitary
Hyperparathyroidism
– Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted, resulting in
(hypercalcemia)
– Treatment: Surgical removal (parathyroidectomy)
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Adrenal Disorders
– _______________ syndrome (hypercortisolism)
– _________ disease: when ________ syndrome is
caused by pituitary tumor
• Treatments
– Adrenalectomy or removal of pituitary gland tumor
– Medications to control the production of excess
_________
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Answers
– Cushing syndrome (hypercortisolism)
– Cushing disease: when Cushing syndrome is caused
by pituitary tumor
• Treatments
– Adrenalectomy or removal of pituitary gland tumor
– Medications to control the production of excess
cortisol
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__________ disease (adrenal insufficiency):
hyposecretion of cortisol
– Treatment: oral hormone replacement
______________: benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
– Treatment: surgery to remove the _________;
medications to control the hypersecretion of
catecholamines
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Answers
Addison disease (adrenal insufficiency): hyposecretion
of cortisol
– Treatment: oral hormone replacement
Pheochromocytoma: benign tumor of the adrenal
medulla
– Treatment: surgery to remove the
pheochromocytoma; medications to control the
hypersecretion of catecholamines
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Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Body fails to manufacture or properly use insulin
Symptoms: __________, poly_______, poly_____,
weight loss, blurred vision
• Types
– Type ___ (IDDM)
• __________ undergoes autoimmune attack,
rendering it useless for making insulin
– Type ____ (NIDDM)
• Pancreas can still produce insulin but not in proper
amounts (insulin resistance)
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Answers
Body fails to manufacture or properly use insulin
Symptoms: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss,
blurred vision
• Types
– Type 1 (IDDM)
• Pancreas undergoes autoimmune attack,
rendering it useless for making insulin
– Type 2 (NIDDM)
• Pancreas can still produce insulin but not in proper
amounts (insulin resistance)
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– __________ diabetes: occurs during pregnancy only
– ____________ diabetes: from another body
condition or disease
• Treatment: lifestyle changes and medications
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Answers
– Gestational diabetes: occurs during pregnancy only
– Secondary diabetes: from another body condition or
disease
• Treatment: lifestyle changes and medications
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• Types of Medications
– Sulfonylureas
– Biguanides
– Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
– Thiazolidinediones
– Drug combinations: Combinations of therapies in one
pill
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Answers
•Types of Medications
– Sulfonylureas
– Biguanides
– Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
– Thiazolidinediones
– Drug combinations: Combinations of therapies in one
pill
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• Types of insulin
– _______-acting
– ________-acting
– _____________-acting
– Long-acting
– Very long-acting
– _________: two types of insulins mixed together in
one bottle
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Answers
•Types of insulin
– Rapid-acting
– Short-acting
– Intermediate-acting
– Long-acting
– Very long-acting
– Premixed: two types of insulins mixed together in
one bottle
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• Pancreas transplantation
______________: caused by deficiency of ADH,
body cannot retain water
– Called “_____” diabetes to distinguish it from DM or
“insulin” diabetes
– Treatment: antidiuretic medications
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Answers
•Pancreas transplantation
Diabetes insipidus: caused by deficiency of ADH,
body cannot retain water
– Called “water” diabetes to distinguish it from DM or
“insulin” diabetes
– Treatment: antidiuretic medications
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Diagnostic Studies and Procedures
• Laboratory tests
– ________: level of calcium in the blood
– ___________: adrenal medulla function
– Cortisol: status of adrenal function
– ____________ (GGT): blood sugar at present
moment
– __________ hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c): blood
sugar over a 3-month period
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Answers
•Laboratory tests
– Calcium: level of calcium in the blood
– Catecholamines: adrenal medulla function
– Cortisol: status of adrenal function
– Glucose tolerance test (GGT): blood sugar at present
moment
– Glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c): blood
sugar over a 3-month period
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– FSH and LH: _________ abnormalities
– ____: secretion of growth hormone
– _____: evaluates parathyroid gland function
– TSH, T__, and T__: evaluate thyroid function
– Rapid ________ stimulation test: integrity of the
adrenal glands
– Serum _________: levels of aldosterone
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Answers
– FSH and LH: gonadal abnormalities
– GH: secretion of growth hormone
– PTH: evaluates parathyroid gland function
– TSH, T3, and T4: evaluate thyroid function
– Rapid ACTH stimulation test: integrity of the adrenal
glands
– Serum aldosterone: levels of aldosterone
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• Imaging Studies
– X-rays
– ___ and MRI
– _________ medicine studies
– ____________ (RAIU) test: evaluates
function
thyroid
– ___________ thyroid imaging: evaluates thyroid
gland itself
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Answers
•Imaging Studies
– X-rays
– CT and MRI
– Nuclear medicine studies
– Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) test: evaluates
thyroid function
– Radionuclide thyroid imaging: evaluates thyroid
gland itself
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Insight
Only the Lonely
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