Download Chapter 45

Chapter 45
Hormones and the
Endocrine System
PowerPoint TextEdit Art Slides for
Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 45.1 An anise swallowtail butterfly emerging
from its chrysalis
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Figure 45.2 Basic patterns of simple hormonal
control pathways
Pathway
Example
Low blood
glucose
Stimulus
Receptor
protein
Pancreas
secretes
glucagon ( )
Endocrine
cell
Blood
vessel
Target
effectors
Response
Pathway
Stimulus
Example
Example
Pathway
Suckling
Hypothalamic
neurohormone
released in
response to
Sensory
neural and
neuron
hormonal
signals
Hypothalamus
Sensory
neuron
Hypothalamus/
posterior pituitary
Neurosecretory
cell
Posterior pituitary
secretes oxytocin
Blood ( )
vessel
Stimulus
Neurosecretory
cell
Hypothalamus
secretes prolactinBlood
releasing
vessel
hormone ( )
Liver
Glycogen
breakdown,
glucose release
into blood
(a) Simple endocrine pathway
Target
effectors
Response
Smooth muscle
in breast
Milk release
Anterior
pituitary
secretes
Endocrine prolactin ( )
cell
Blood
vessel
(b) Simple neurohormone pathway
Target
effectors
Response
Mammary glands
Milk production
(c) Simple neuroendocrine pathway
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Figure 45.3 Mechanisms of hormonal signaling: a review
SECRETORY
CELL
SECRETORY
CELL
Hormone
molecule
Hormone
molecule
VIA
BLOOD
VIA
BLOOD
Signal receptor
TARGET
CELL
Signal
transduction
pathway
Cytoplasmic
response
OR
TARGET
CELL
Signal
receptor
DNA
Signal
transduction
and response
mRNA
DNA
NUCLEUS
Nuclear
response
NUCLEUS
(a) Receptor in plasma membrane
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Synthesis of
specific proteins
(b) Receptor in cell nucleus
Figure 45.4 One chemical signal, different effects
Different receptors
different cell responses
Epinephrine
Epinephrine
Epinephrine
a receptor
b receptor
b receptor
Glycogen
deposits
Vessel
dilates
Vessel
constricts
(a) Intestinal blood
vessel
(b) Skeletal muscle
blood vessel
Different intracellular proteins
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Glycogen
breaks down
and glucose
is released
from cell
(c) Liver cell
different cell responses
Figure 45.5 Activated platelets aggregating, a
process regulated in part by prostaglandins
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Table 45.1 Major Human Endocrine Glands and Some of
Their Hormones
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Table 45.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 45.6 Human endocrine glands surveyed in
this chapter
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary
(female)
Testis
(male)
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Unnumbered figure page 950
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Figure 45.7 Production and release of posterior
pituitary hormones
Hypothalamus
Neurosecretory
cells of the
hypothalamus
Axon
Posterior
pituitary
HORMONE
TARGET
Anterior
pituitary
ADH
Kidney tubules
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Oxytocin
Mammary glands,
uterine muscles
Figure 45.8 Production and release of anterior
pituitary hormones
Tropic Effects Only
FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone
LH, luteinizing hormone
TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
Neurosecretory cells
of the hypothalamus
Nontropic Effects Only
Prolactin
MSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Endorphin
Portal vessels
Nontropic and Tropic Effects
Growth hormone
Hypothalamic
releasing
hormones
(red dots)
HORMONE
TARGET
FSH and LH
Testes or
ovaries
TSH
Thyroid
Endocrine cells of the
anterior pituitary
Pituitary hormones
(blue dots)
ACTH
Prolactin
MSH
Endorphin
Adrenal
cortex
Mammary
glands
Melanocytes
Pain receptors
in the brain
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Growth hormone
Liver
Bones
Group Work
• Ever play pin the tail on the donkey?
• Ever play pin the hormone on the gland?
• Well we are going to make this game and
send it to Hasbro.
• You need to:
– Draw a hermaphrodite on large paper
– Draw and cut out hormone pieces
• The pieces should relate to their
function
Unnumbered figure page 953
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Figure 45.9 Feedback regulation of T3 and T4
secretion from the thyroid gland
Hypothalamus
TRH
Anterior
pituitary
TSH
Thyroid
T3 + T4
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Figure 45.10 Graves’ disease, the most common
form of hyperthyroidism in humans
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Unnumbered figure page 954
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Figure 45.11 Hormonal control of calcium
homeostasis in mammals
Thyroid gland
releases
calcitonin.
Calcitonin
Reduces
Ca2+ uptake
in kidneys
Stimulates
Ca2+ deposition
in bones
Blood Ca2+
level declines
to set point
STIMULUS:
Rising blood
Ca2+ level
Homeostasis:
Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
STIMULUS:
Falling blood
Ca2+ level
Blood Ca2+
level rises
to set point
Stimulates
Ca2+ release
from bones
Parathyroid
gland
PTH
Increases
Ca2+ uptake
in intestines
Active
vitamin D
Stimulates Ca2+
uptake in kidneys
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Unnumbered figure page 955
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Figure 45.12 Maintenance of glucose homeostasis
by insulin and glucagon
Body cells
take up more
glucose.
Insulin
Beta cells of
pancreas are stimulated
to release insulin
into the blood.
Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it
as glycogen.
STIMULUS:
Rising blood glucose
level (for instance, after
eating a carbohydraterich meal)
Blood glucose level
declines to set point;
stimulus for insulin
release diminishes.
Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
Blood glucose level
rises to set point;
stimulus for glucagon
release diminishes.
STIMULUS:
Dropping blood glucose
level (for instance, after
skipping a meal)
Alpha cells of pancreas
are stimulated to release
glucagon into the blood.
Liver breaks
down glycogen
and releases
glucose into
blood.
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Glucagon
Unnumbered figure page 956
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Figure 45.13 Stress and the adrenal gland
Stress
Nerve
Spinal cord
signals
(cross section)
Hypothalamus
Releasing
hormone
Nerve
cell
Anterior pituitary
Blood vessel
Adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine
and norepinephrine.
Nerve cell
Adrenal cortex
secretes
mineralocorticoids
and glucocorticoids.
ACTH
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
(a) Short-term stress response
(b) Long-term stress response
Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine:
Effects of
mineralocorticoids:
Effects of
glucocorticoids:
1. Retention of sodium
ions and water by
kidneys
1. Proteins and fats
broken down and
converted to glucose,
leading to increased
blood glucose
1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased
blood glucose
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Increased breathing rate
4. Increased metabolic rate
5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to
increased alertness and decreased digestive
and kidney activity
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2. Increased blood
volume and blood
pressure
2. Immune system may
be suppressed
Unnumbered figure page 958
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Figure 45.14 Male breast enlargement due to
anabolic steroids
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Unnumbered figure page 959
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Figure 45.15 Hormonal regulation of insect
development (layer 1)
Brain
Neurosecretory cells
Brain
hormone (BH)
Corpus cardiacum
Corpus allatum
Prothoracic
gland
Ecdysone
EARLY
LARVA
LATER
LARVA
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ADULT
Figure 45.15 Hormonal regulation of insect
development (layer 2)
Brain
Neurosecretory cells
Brain
hormone (BH)
Corpus cardiacum
Corpus allatum
Prothoracic
gland
Ecdysone
EARLY
LARVA
LATER
LARVA
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PUPA
ADULT
Figure 45.15 Hormonal regulation of insect
development (layer 3)
Brain
Neurosecretory cells
Brain
hormone (BH)
Corpus cardiacum
Corpus allatum
Low
JH
Prothoracic
gland
Ecdysone
Juvenile
hormone
(JH)
EARLY
LARVA
LATER
LARVA
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PUPA
ADULT