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Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Lecture Outline See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 6.1 Cells and the Flow of Energy • Energy – The ability to do work or bring about a change Kinetic energy • Energy of motion • Mechanical Potential energy • Stored energy • Chemical energy 2 Flow of Energy Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. solar energy heat heat heat Chemical energy Mechanical energy 3 Two Laws of Thermodynamics • First law: Law of conservation of energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another • Second law: Law of entropy When energy is changed from one form to another, there is a loss of usable energy Waste energy goes to increase disorder 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. heat CO2 sun H 2O carbohydrate solar energy producer Carbohydrate Metabolism Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. heat carbohydrate uncontracted muscle contracted muscle 6 Cells and Entropy Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. H2O C6H12O6 CO2 Glucose Carbon dioxide and water • more organized • more potential energy • less stable (entropy) a. kinetic energy • less organized • less potential energy • more stable (entropy) H+ H+ channel protein H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Unequal distribution of hydrogen ions • more organized • more potential energy • less stable (entropy) b. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Equal distribution of hydrogen ions • less organized • less potential energy • more stable (entropy) 7 6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations • Metabolism Sum of cellular chemical reactions in cell Reactants participate in a reaction Products form as result of a reaction • Free energy is the amount of energy available to perform work Exergonic Reactions - Products have less free energy than reactants (release energy) Endergonic Reactions - Products have more free energy than reactants (require energy input) 8 ATP: Energy for Cells • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) High energy compound used to drive metabolic reactions Constantly being generated from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) • Composed of: Adenine, ribose (together = adenosine), and three phosphate groups • Coupled reactions Energy released by an exergonic reaction captured in ATP ATP is used to drive an endergonic reaction 9 The ATP Cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. adenosine triphosphate ATP is unstable and has a high potential energy. P P P ATP 10 The ATP Cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. adenosine triphosphate ATP is unstable and has a high potential energy. P P P ATP ATP + P Endergonic Reaction: • The hydrolysis of ATP releases previously stored energy, allowing the change in free energy to do work and drive other processes. • Has negative delta G. • Examples: protein synthesis, nerve conduction, muscle contraction 11 The ATP Cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. adenosine triphosphate ATP is unstable and has a high potential energy. P P P ATP ADP + P Endergonic Reaction: • The hydrolysis of ATP releases Previously stored energy, allowing the change in free energy to do work and drive other processes. • Has negative delta G. • Examples: protein synthesis, nerve conduction, muscle contraction P P + P + adenosine diphosphate phosphate ADP is more stable and has lower potential energy than ATP. 12 The ATP Cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. adenosine triphosphate ATP is unstable and has a high potential energy. P P P Exergonic Reaction: • Creation of ATP from ADP and Prequires input of energy from Other sources. ATP • Has positive delta G. • Example: cellular respiration ADP + P Endergonic Reaction: • The hydrolysis of ATP releases Previously stored energy, allowing the change in free energy to do work and drive other processes. • Has negative delta G. • Examples: protein synthesis, nerve conduction, muscle contraction P P + P + adenosine diphosphate phosphate ADP is more stable and has lower potential energy than ATP. 13