Download Lungs

Splanchnology
SHANDONG UNIVERSITY
Liu Zhiyu
Splanchnology
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Composition:
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Alimentary system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
Characters of viscera
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Most of viscera organs lies in the thoracic,
abdominal and pelvis cavities
All of then communicate with external
environment through some orifices or
channels
Reference lines of thorax
Anterior median line
Sternal line
Midclavicular line
Parasternal line
★ Reference lines of thorax
Posterior median line
Anteriorlary line
Midaxillary line
Posterior axillary line
Scapular line
The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System
Composition
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Respiratory tract
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upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract
Bronchi
Lungs : paired organs of respiration
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Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Function of respiratory system :
supply the body with oxygen and to get
rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting
from cell metabolism
The Nose
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External nose
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Root of nose
Back of nose
Apex of nose
Alae of nasi
Nasal cavity
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Nasal cavity is divided into
right and left halves by nasal
septum.
The septum is made up of the
septal cartilage, the vertical
plate of the ethmoid, and the
vomer.
Each nasal cavity extends from
the nostril in front to the
choanae behind.
Nasal septum
Nasal cavity
Two parts: Divided by limen nasi
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Nasal vestibule
Proper nasal cavity
Boundaries of nasal cavity
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Roof－cribriform plate of ethmoid
Floor－hard palate
Medial wall－nasal septum
Lateral wall ★
 Superior, middle and inferior nasal
conchae
 Superior, middle and inferior nasal
meatus
 Sphenoethmoidal recess
Nasal cavity
Remove the middle nasal
conchae
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Ethmoidal bulla
Semilunar hiatus
Ethmoidal infundibulum
Nasal cavity
Mucous membrane of nasal cavity
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The vestibule is lined by modified skin.
Olfactory region : the area above superior nasal conchae is lined
with olfactory mucous membrane which contains olfactory cells
Respiratory region : the lower part of the nasal cavity is lined with
respiratory mucous membrane. Its function is to warm, moisten, and
clean the inspired air.
★The paranasal sinuses
Name of sinus
Site of drainage
Frontal sinus
Middle meatus via infundibulum
Maxillary sinus
Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Ethmoidal sinuses
anterior group
middle group
posterior group
Middle meatus
Middle meatus
Superior nasal meatus
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
The Larynx
★ Position－situated in the
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anterior part of the neck (below
the hyoid bone), and extends from
vertebral level of C3 to C6
The framework of the larynx is
made up of cartilages, which
connected by membranes and
ligaments and moved by muscles.
It is lines by mucous membrane.
★ Layngeal cartilages
Thyroid cartilage
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Shield-shaped cartilage
Laryngeal prominence
Superior thyroid notch
Superior and inferior cornua
Cricoid cartilage
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Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like
a signet ring)
Arch of cricoid cartilage－at level of C6
Larnina of cricoid cartilage
★ Layngeal cartilages
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Arytenoid cartilage
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Paired, pyramid shaped,
articulate with lamina of
cricoid cartilage
Vocal process anteriorly, site
of posterior attachment of
vocal fold
Muscular process
Epiglottic cartilage
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Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage
Attached by its stalk to the
thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal joints
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Cricothyroid joint
Cricoarytenoid joint
Membranes and ligaments of larynx
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Thyrohyroid membrane
－extending from hyoid
bone to thyroid cartilage
Membranes and ligaments of larynx
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Quadrangular membrane
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Between epiglottic, thyroid and arytenoid
cartilages
Lower free border forms vestibular
ligament
Conus elasticus
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Between arytenoids, thyroid, and cricoid
cartilages
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Upper free border forms vocal ligament
Median cricothyroid ligment may be site
of circothyrotomy during acute respiratory
obstruction
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Membranes and ligaments of larynx
Quadrangular membrane
Vocal ligament
Vestibular ligament
Conus elasticus
Membranes and ligaments of larynx
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Cricotracheal ligament
－between cricoid cartilage
and first ring of trachea
Muscles of larynx
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Tensing the vocal ligament－cricothyroid
Cricothyroid
Muscles of larynx
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Relaxing the vocal ligament－thyroarytenoid
Thyroarytenoid
Muscles of larynx
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Opening the glottis－posterior cricoarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Muscles of larynx
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Closing the glottis－ lateral cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Laryngeal cavity
of larynx －
bounded by upper border
epiglottic cartilage,
aryepiglottic folds and
interarytenoid notch
★ Aperture
★ Laryngeal cavity
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Two pairs of shelf like folds :
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Vestibular folds
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Fixed fold on each side of the larynx
Formed by mucous membrane covering
the vestibular ligament and is pink in
color
Vocal folds
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Mobile fold on each side of the larynx.
Formed by mucous membrane covering
the vocal ligament and is white in color
★ Laryngeal cavity
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Two fissures
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Rima vestibuli
Fissure of glottis
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The narrowest part of the laryngeal
cavity
Inter membranous part
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anterior 3/5, between vocal-folds
Intercartilaginous part
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posterior 2/5, between arytenoids
cartilages
★ Laryngeal cavity
Three parts
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Laryngeal vestibule
 Extends from the aperture of larynx to the
rima vestibuli
 Tubercle of epiglottis
Intermedial cavity of larynx
 Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli
to the level of the fissure of glottis
 Ventricle of larynx a small recess
between vestibular and vocal folds on
each side
Infraglottic cavity extends from the level
of the vocal folds to the lower border of
the cricoid cartilage
★ The Trachea
Position
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Extends from the lower border of
cricoid cartilage to the level of
sternal angle (between T4－T5
vertebrae) where it divides into
right and left principal bronchi
Structure features
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Consists of about 14－17 Cshaped incomplete tracheal
cartilages
Bifurcation of trachea
Carina of trachea — ridge of
cartilage at bifurcation
★ Bronchi
Right principal bronchus
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Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the
left
About 2.5cm long, Leaves the extend line
of the middle line of trachea at 22～25o
angle
Foreign bodies are therefore more likely
to lodge in this bronchus or one of its
branches
Left principal bronchus
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Narrower, longer, and more horizontal
than the right
About 5cm long, leaves the extend line of
the middle line o trachea at about 35～36o
angle
★ The Lungs
Position:
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Located in the thoracic cavity by
both sides of mediastinum
General features
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Cone-shaped, the right lung is
shorter and broader, the left one is
longer and narrower
Apex of lung－projects upward into
the neck for approximately 2.5 cm
above the medial third of clavicle
into neck
Base－concave, sits on the
diaphragm, also called
diaphragmatic surface
Costal surface－large, convex,
related to thoracic wall
★ The Lungs
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Medial surface－concave, related to
mediastinum
 Hilum of lung middle of medial surface,
which is a depression where the bronchi,
vessels, and nerves enter the lung to form
the root
 Root of lung
 Contents
 Principal bronchus
 Pulmonary artery and vein
 Nerves and lymphatic vessels
 Surrounded by connective tissue
 Order of structures in the root of lung
 From before backward: V.A. B.
 From above downward:
 L.－A. B. V.
 R.－B. A. V.
★ The Lungs
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Borders
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Anterior－sharp
 Cardiac notch
 Lingual in left lung
Posterior－blunt
Inferior－ sharp
★ The Lungs
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Lobes and Fissure
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Right lung
 Two fissures : horizontal and
oblique
 Three lobes : superior,
middle, inferior
Left lung
 One fissure : oblique
 Two lobes : superior and
inferior
Bronchial tree
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Each principal bronchus divides
into lobar bronchi (two on the left,
three on the right), each of which
supplies a lobe of lung. Each
lobar bronchus then divided into
segmental bronchi, which supply
specific segments of the lung.
Bronchopulmonary segments
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Bronchopulmonary segments are the
anatomic, functional, and surgical units
of the lungs.
It is pyramidal in shape, with its apex
toward the lung root, ten in each lung
It has a segmental bronchus, a
segmental artery, lymph vessels, and
nerves.
The segmental veins lie in the
connective tissue between
bronchopulmonary segments
Because it is a structural unit, a
diseased segment can be removed
surgically.
Bronchopulmonary segments
Bronchogram showing the
branching pattern of the trachea
and bronchi of the right lung, in a
slightly oblique anteroposterior
view. In this procedure, a
radiopaque contrast medium has
been introduced into the
respiratory tract to coat the walls
of the respiratory passages
★ The Pleura
General features
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Serous membranes forming
closed sacs
Two layers
 Visceral pleura
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covers the outer surfaces of
the lungs, and extends into
the interlober fissures
 Parietal pleura
－lines
the thoracic wall and coves
the diaphragm and the
lateral surface of the
mediastinum
The Pleura
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Two pleural layers
continue with each other
at root of lung forming
closed potential space－
pleural cavity
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Contains a small amount
of pleural fluid
Subatmospheric
pressure in it
★ Named parts of parietal pleura
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Cupula of pleura
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extends up into the neck, over
the apex of lung, 2.5cm above
the medial third of clavicle
Costal pleura
－lines
the inner surface of the wall of
the chest
Mediastinal pleura
 Lines mediastinum
 Pulmonary ligament
－
redundant pleura at root of
lung, which extends downward,
allows movement of structures
forming root of lung
Diaphragmatic pleura －
Lines diaphragm
Pleura recesses
Potential spaces of pleural
cavity which lungs are not
occupied in quiet respiration
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Costodiaphragmatic
recesse－are the slit-like
space between costal and
diaphragmatic pleurae on each
side, the lowest area of pleural
cavity into which the lungs
expand during deep inspiration.
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Costomediastinal recess
－on the left side between the
mediastinal pleural and costal
pleura
★ Surface markings of lower border
of the lung and pleura
Lower
border
Midclavicular
lines
Midaxillary Scapular
lines
line
Sides of the
vertebral column
Lungs
6th rib
8th rib
10th rib
T11
Pleura
8th rib
10th rib
11th rib
T12
Thoracentesis