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Structural
Organization
Chemical
 Cellular
 Tissue
 Organ
 System
 Organism
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Organization of Human Body
Integumentary
II. Skeletal
III. Muscular
IV. Digestive
V. Cardiovascular
VI. Lymphatic
VII. Respiratory
VIII.Nervous
IX. Endocrine
X. Urinary
XI. Reproductive
(male & female)
I.
The Body Systems
Anatomy
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The science which deals with the study of the structure
and shape of the body; and body parts, and their
relationships to one another
Gross Anatomy: Study of human body with naked eye
Microscopic Anatomy: Study of fine structure (cells &
tissues) of the human body with the help of microscope
Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology)
Radiological Anatomy
Cross-sectional Anatomy
Applied Anatomy
Surgical Anatomy
The Language of Anatomy
To prevent misunderstanding, a special set of
terms are used to describe the identification
and location of body structures
 To accurately describe body parts, the body is
in a standard position called the
 Anatomical Position
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The Anatomical Position
The body is erect
The arms hanging by the side
The palms facing forward
The feet parallel
Anatomical Terminology
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Regional
Terms:
 Cranial
 Cervical
 Thoracic
 Abdominal
 Pelvic
 Planter
 Palmer
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Directional Terms:
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Superior / Inferior
(Cranial,
(Cephalic) /
Caudal)
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Anterior / Posterior
(Ventral / Dorsal)
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Median / Medial /
Lateral /
Intermediate
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Proximal / Distal
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Superficial /
Deep
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External / Internal
Terms of Movement
Flexion X
Extension
increasing angle with frontal plane
decreasing angle with frontal plane
Abduction X
Adduction
moving away from or toward the sagittal
plane
Protraction X
Retraction
moving forward or backward along a
surface
Elevation X
Depression raising or lowering a structure
Medial rotation
X
Lateral
rotation
movement around an axis of a bone
Pronation X
Supination
placing palm backward or forward (in
anatomical position)
Circumduction
Opposition
combined movements of flexion,
extension, abduction, adduction
medial & lateral rotation
bringing tips of fingers and thumb together
as in picking something up
Opposite of above movement
Abdominopelvic regions
The Abdominopelvic
area is divided into 9
regions by 2 vertical
& 2 horizontal lines
or planes
Objective:
To locate the
different organs in
each region
Body Planes & Sections
To look at the internal structures, the body is cut
into sections
 Sections are made along imaginary lines called
planes
 There are three type of sections or planes that lie
at right angle to one another:
 Sagittal Section
 Frontal Section
 Transverse Section
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Sagittal Section
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A cut made along a
longitudinal plane
Divides the body into
right and left parts
If the plane passes
through the midline of
the body, the right and
left halves are equal and
it is called a midsagittal
or median section
Frontal Section
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A cut made along
a longitudinal
plane
Divides the body
into anterior and
posterior parts
It is also called a
coronal section
Transverse Section
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A cut made along
a horizontal
plane
Divides the body
into superior and
inferior parts
It is also called a
cross section
Body Cavities
The body has two sets
of internal cavities that
lodge and protect the
organs.
 These are:
 Dorsal body cavity
 Ventral body cavity
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Dorsal Body Cavity
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Has two subdivisions,
which are continuous
with each other:
 Cranial cavity: space
inside the bony skull,
contains brain
 Spinal cavity: space
inside the vertebral
column, contains
spinal cord
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Has two subdivisions,
which are separated from
each other by the
diaphragm.
 Thoracic cavity: lies
superior to diaphragm,
contains heart and
lungs
 Abdominopelvic
cavity: lies below the
diaphragm, contains
stomach, intestine,
urinary bladder, liver,
reproductive organs,
rectum, etc.
Ventral Body
Cavity
Skeletal
System
Includes:
 Bones
 Joints
(articulations)
Axial skeleton
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Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax (ribs &
sternum)
Appendicular
skeleton
Bones of upper limb
Bones of lower limb
Shoulder & pelvic
girdles
Bones
Classification
Structure
 Functions
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Bone
 Bone
is the hardest materials in the body
 Although relatively lighter in weight, bone
shows a remarkable ability to resist tension
and other forces acting on it
 The calcium salts deposited in its matrix
give bone its hardness and the collagen
fibers provide it the flexibility and great
tensile strength
Functions of Bones/Skeleton
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Support: of the body organs
Protection: of soft body organs
Attachment of muscles
Movement: of the body as a whole, or of
the body parts
Storage: of fat & minerals e.g. calcium
and phosphorus
Formation of blood cell
Classification of Bones
Bones are classified on the bases of their:
 Shape
 Structure
 Development
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Long bones are
typically longer
than they are wide.
They have a shaft
with heads at both
ends e.g. bones of
the limbs except
wrist and ankle
bones
Short bones are
generally cube
shaped e.g. bones
of the wrist and
ankle
Classification of Bones
Based on the Shape
Flat bones are
thin, flattened,
and usually
curved e.g.
bones of the
skull, ribs,
sternum
 Irregular
bones are
irregular e.g.
vertebrae
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Classification of Bones Based on the Structure
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Compact bone is dense and
looks smooth and
homogenous. It is found in the
outer part of the long bones
and flat bones
Cancellous (Spongy) bone is
composed of small needlelike
pieces of bone and lot of open
spaces. It looks like a sponge.
It is found in the short bones
and in the heads of the long
bones
Classification of Bones Based on the
Development
 Membrane
bones that are developed in a
membranous model (membrane-bone) e.g.
skull bones
 Cartilage bones that are developed in a
cartilagenous model (membrane-cartilagebone) e.g. bones of the limbs
Gross Structure of a Long Bone
 Each
long bone
has:
A shaft called the
‘diaphysis’.
 Two ends called the
‘epiphyses’
 The region at the
junction of diaphysis
and epiphysis is
called ‘metaphysis’
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It is composed of
compact bone
Is covered on its external
surface by a fibrous
connective tissue
membrane called the
periosteum.
It has a cavity called the
marrow cavity. In adults,
the marrow cavity is a
storage area for fat and
contains yellow marrow.
In infants, it contains red
marrow and is the site of
blood cells formation
The Diaphysis (Shaft)
Each epiphysis is
composed of spongy
bone, lined by a thin
layer of compact bone.
 Its external surface is
covered by a layer of
hyaline cartilage called
the articular cartilage
 Articular cartilage
provides smooth
slippery surface that
decreases friction at
joint surfaces
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The Epiphyses
The Metaphysis
It contains a thin
plate of cartilage
called the
epipyseal plate
(disc)
 Epiphyseal plate
is responsible for
the lengthwise
growth of the long
bones.
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Role of Periosteum
Protects the bone
 Gives attachment to
muscles
 Carries blood
vessels and nerves
to bone
 Deposits new bone
on the surface thus
increases the girth
of bone
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