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Chapter 2. Arthrology
Guo Ling, MD, PhD
Department of Anatomy
Section 1 the General Desctiption
The synarthroses
(immovable articulation)
fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synostoses
Joint
The diarthroses
(freely movable articulation、synovial joints）
1) The essential structures of a synovial joint
the articular surface
the bone ends are covered by hyaline
articular cartilage
the articular capsule
Outer layer---- fibrous membrane
Inner layer---- synovial membrane
the articular cavity
It contains a proper amount of synovia,
and its pressure is much lower than the
atmosphere pressure.
The accessory structures of the synovial joints
ligaments
articular discs
articular labrums
synovial flod and bursa
The types of joint movement
The following terms are used to describe various
movements at joints.
The gliding movement
The flexion and extension
The adduction and abduction
The rotation
The pronation and supination
The inversion and eversion
The circumduction
The types of synovial joints
The uniaxial joints
The biaxial joints
The polyaxial joints
Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Ellipsoidal joint
Sellar joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Plane joint
Blood and Nerve Supply of Joints
A vascular plexus around the
epiphysis provides the joint
with a very good blood supply.
According to Hiton’s law, the motor nerve to a muscle
tends to give a branch to the joint that the muscle moves
and another branch to the skin over the joint. The capsule
and ligaments are supplied by afferent nerve endings
including pain fibres. The synovial membrane contains
few pain fibres and there are no afferent fibres in articular
cartilage; joint pain is therefore poorly localized.
Section 2 The Joints of Trunk Bones
I. The articulation of the vertebral column
The vertebrae from the
second cervical to the first
sacral one are articular to
one another by a series of
cartilaginous joints between
the vertebral bodies, and a
series of synovial joints
between the vertebral arches.
I). The joints of the vertebral bodies
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Intervertebral discs
II). The joints of the vertebral arches
Zygapophysial joints
Ligaments flava
Interspinal ligaments
Supraspinal ligaments
Intertransverse ligaments
III). The craniovertebral joints
Anterior view
Posterior view
lateral view
The atlantooccipital joints allow foreword
bending, backward bending and lateral bending
of the head.
The atlantoaxial joint
The atlantoaxial joints allow the head to turn from side to side.
II. Vertebral Column and Its Movements
The vertebral column
show four marked
physiological curvatures
in the sagittal plane.
The cervical curve
The thoracic curve
The lumbar curve
The pelvic curve
Spinal curves
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Vertebral regions
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
The major divisions of the vertebral column, showing the four spinal curves.
The development of spinal curvatures
III. The Thoracic Joints
The costovertebral joints
The costotransverse joints
The sternocostal joints
IV. The Thoracic Cage
The movements of the thorax
Section 3
the Joints of the Bone of Limbs
I) The joints of the upper limb
The joints of the girdle of the upper limb
The sternoclavicular joint
The acromioclavicular joint
The joints of the free upper limb
The shoulder joint
The elbow joint
The joints beween ulna and radius
The joints of the hand
II) The joints of the lower limb
The joints of the pelvic girdle
The pubic sympysis
The sacroiliac joint
the pelvis
The joints of the free lower limb
The hip joint
The knee joint
The tibiofibular union
The joints of the foot
Section 4
The Joints of Skull
Most bones of the skull are connected by
sutures, synchondroses or synostoses.
temporomandibular joint
Lateral lig.
Stylomandibular lig.
Mandibular fossa
Head of mandible
Articular cavity
Articular disc
Retraction
Protraction
Elevation
depression
The movements of the temporomandibular joint
OK. THAT’S ALL.