Download The Cranial Nerves

The Cranial Nerves
脑 神 经
Names of cranial nerves
Ⅰ Olfactory nerve
Ⅱ Optic nerve
Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ Trochlear nerve
Ⅴ Trigeminal nerve
Ⅵ Abducent nerve
Ⅶ Facial nerve
Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear
nerve
Ⅸ Glossopharyngeal
nerve
Ⅹ Vagus nerve
Ⅺ Accessory nerve
Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve
Fiber components of cranial n.
General somatic afferent(sensory) fibers 一
般躯体感觉纤维 : transmit exteroceptive and
proprioceptive impulses from head and face to
somatic sensory nuclei of the brain stem;
Special somatic afferent (sensory) fibers 特
殊躯体感觉纤维 : transmit sensory impulses
from special sense organs of vision, equilibrium
and hearing to the brain ;
Fiber components of cranial n.
General visceral afferent (sensory) fibers 一
般内脏感觉纤维 : transmit interoceptive
impulses from the viscera to the visceral
sensory nuclei-nucleus of solitery tract;
Special visceral afferent (sensory) fibers 特
殊内脏感觉纤维 : transmit sensory impulses
from special sense organs of smell and taste to
the brain;
Fiber components of cranial n.
General somatic afferent (motor) fibers 一般躯体运
动纤维 : arises from the General somatic motor
nuclei and innervate skeletal muscles of eye and
tongue.
Special visceral afferent (motor) fibers 特殊内脏运动
纤维 : arises from the Special visceral motor nuclei in
the brain and to skeletal muscles derived from gill
arches (腮弓 ) of embryo：such as the m. of
mastication, facial expression and swallowing.
Fiber components of cranial n.
General visceral afferent (motor) fibers一般内脏运动
纤维 : arise from the general visceral motor nuclei
and relayed in parasympathetic ganglions,e
postganglionic fibers supply cardiac muscles，smooth
muscles and glands.
Classification of cranial nerves
Sensory cranial nerves 感觉性脑神经:
contain only sensory fibers
Ⅰ. Olfactory nerve
Ⅱ. Optic nerve
Ⅷ. Vestibulocochlear nerve
Classification of cranial nerves
Motor cranial nerves 运动性脑神经:
contain only motor fibers
Ⅲ. Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ. Trochlear nerve
Ⅵ. Abducent nerve
Ⅺ. Accessory nerve
Ⅻ. Hypoglossal nerve
Classification of cranial nerves
Mixed nerves 混合性脑神经: contain both
sensory and motor fibers
Ⅴ. Trigeminal nerve
Ⅶ. Facial nerve
Ⅸ. Glossopharyngeal nerve
Ⅹ. Vagus nerve
Sensory cranial nerves
感觉性脑神经
I．Olfactory nerve
II. Optic nerve
VIII.Vestibulocochlear nerve
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory cell → Olfactory nerve → Cribriform foramina
筛孔 → Olfactory bulb 嗅球
Olfactory nerve
Function:
conduct the
smell
Optic nerve
Ganglion cell of retina → Optic nerve → Optic canal →
optic chiasma→optic tract → lateral geniculate body.
Vestibulocochlear nerve 前庭蜗神经
Vestibular nuclei
Cochlear nuclei
Cochlear ganglion
Vestibulocochlear
nerve
Internal acoustic
meatus
Vestibular ganglion
Sensory cranial nerves
N.
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅷ
Location of cell
body
Cranial
exit
Terminal
nuclei
Main
action
Olfactory cells
Cribrifom
foramina
Olfactory
bulb
Smell
Optic
canal
Lateral
geniculate
body
Ganglion cells of
retina
Vestibular
ganglion of
internal ear
Cochlear
ganglionof
internal ear
Internal
acoustic
meatus
Vision
Vestibular
nuclei
Equilibrium
Cochlear
nuclei
Hearing
Motor cranial nerves
运动性脑神经
III.Oculomotor nerve 动眼神经
IV. trochlear nerve 滑车神经
VI. Abducent nerve 展神经
XI. accessory nerve 副神经
XII. hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经
Oculomotor nerve
Components
General somatic motor（efferent） fiber arises from
nucleus occulomotor
General visceral motor （efferent） fiber arises from
accessory nucleus of Ⅲ
supplies : Superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior
obliquus; levator palpebrae superioris
Sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle
Nucleus of
oculomotor n.
Accessory nucleus of
oculomotor n.
Oculomotor nerve
Course:
•Leave the brain at the interpeduncular fossa;
•Pass through the lateral wall of cavernous sinus
•Via superior orbital fissure enter the orbita
Oculomotor nerve
The injury of the oculomotor n. may lead to:
Droping of the upper
eyelid;
lateral strabismus 外斜视;
Dilation of the pupil;
The pupillary reflexes
disappear 瞳孔光反射消
失
Oculamotor paralysis
Trochlear n.
arises from the nucleus of trochlear nerve,
and pass through the superior orbital fissure to supply the
superior obliquus
trochlear nerve
abducent n.
arises from the nucleus of abducent nerve, and pass through the
superior orbital fissure to supply the lateral rectus
Abducent nerve
Accessory nerve
Cranial root 脑根：arises from nucleus ambiguus;
Spinal root脊髓根 arises from the accessory nucleus
pass through jugular foramen,and supplies 2 muscles
Accessory nerve
sternocleidom
astoid
trapezius
Hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经
Hypoglossal canal
Nucleus of
hypogloss
al nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Function of Cranial Nerve 12
supplies the intrinsic
and extrinsic muscles
of the Tongue
 genioglossus 颏舌肌
extend the tongue
with Contraction
So what happens if the
CN12 has been damaged
?
Motor cranial nerves
N.
Nucleus of origin
Cranial exit
Nucleus of oculomotor
Superior orbital
fissure
Ⅲ
Accessory nucleus of
oculomotor
(Parasympathetic )
supply
superior, inferior and
medial recti; inferior
obliquus; levator palpebrae
superioris
sphincter pupillea and
ciliary muscl
Ⅳ
Nucleus of trochlear
nerve
Superior orbital
fissure
superior obliquus
Ⅵ
Nucleus of abducent
nerve
Superior orbital
fissure
lateral rectus
Jugular foramen
Ⅺ
Nucleus of accessory
nerve
sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius
Hypoglossal canal
muscles of tongue
Ⅻ
Nucleus of hypoglossal
nerve
Mixed cranial nerves
混合性脑神经
V. Trigeminal nerve
VII.Facial nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Components of fibers
General somatic afferent fibers: transmit facial
sensation to sensory nuclei of trigeminal nerve, the fibers
have their cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion,
Special viceral efferent fibers: originate from
motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve, and supply
masticatory muscles
Branches
Ophthalmic nerve 眼神经 (Ⅴ1,
sensory)
leave the skull through the superior
orbital fissure 眶上裂, to enter orbital cavity
Branches

Frontal nerve 额神经:
Supratrochlear nerve
滑车上神经
Supraorbital nerve
眶上神经
Lacrimal nerve 泪腺神经:→lacrimal gland
 Nasociliary nerve 鼻睫神经; → eyeball

Distribution:
Visual organ
Part of mucosa of
nose
Skin above the
palpebral fisure and
back of nose
cerebral dura mater
Maxillary nerve 上颌神经 (Ⅴ2, sensory)
Leave skull through foramen rotundum 圆孔
Branches




Infraorbital nerve
眶下神经
Zygomatic nerve
颧神经
Superior alveolar
nerve
上牙槽神经
Pterygopalatine nerve
翼腭神经
Distribution:
Maxillary teeth
Mucosa of nose and
mouth
Skin between the
palpebral fissure and oral
fissure.
cerebral dura mater
Mandibular nerve 下颌神经 (Ⅴ3, mixed)
Leave the skull through the foramen ovale 卵圆孔 to enter the
infratemporal fossa 颞下窝
Branches





Auriculotemporal nerve
耳颞神经
Buccal nerve 颊神经
Lingual nerve 舌神经
Inferior alveolar nerve
下牙槽神经
Nerve of masticatory
muscles 咀嚼肌神经
Distribution:
cerebral dura mater;
Mandibular teeth and
gum;
Mucosa of floor of mouth
Anterior 2/3 of tongue;
Skin of auricular and
temporal regions and
below the oral fissure;
masticatory muscles,
mylohyoid, and anterior
belly of digastric m.
Facial nerve (Ⅶ)
Components of fibers
Special visceral efferent fiber: fibers originate from
nucleus of facial nerve, and supply facial muscles.
General visceral efferent fiber: fibers arise from superior
salivatory nucleus and relayed in pterygopalatine
ganglion翼腭神经节 and submandibular ganglion下颌下
神经节. The postganglionic fibers supply lacrimal,
submandibular and sublingual glands.
Facial nerve (Ⅶ)
Components of fibers
.
Special visceral afferent fiber: fiber from taste buds of
anterior 2/3 of tongue which cell bodies are in the
geniculate ganglion 膝节 of the facial nerve and end the
nucleus of solitary tract.
General somatic afferent fiber: fibers distribute the skin of
external ear.
Course:
leaves skull through internal
acoustic meatus, facial canal
and stylomastoid foramen, it
then enters parotid gland
where it divides into five
Branches which supply facial
Muscles.
Branches within the facial canal
Chorda tympani 鼓索: joins lingual branch of mandibular nerve

To taste buds on anterior two-thirds of tongue.

Relayed in submandibular ganglion(下颌下神经节), the
postganglionic fibers supply submandibular and sublingual
glands
Greater petrosal nerve 岩大神经: fibers pass to
pterygopalatine ganglion 翼腭神经节 and the postganglionic fibers
through the zygomatic and lacrimal nerves to lacrimal gland
Stapedial nerve 镫骨肌神经: to stapedius
Branches outside of facial canal
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Marginal mandibular
branch
Cervical branch
Pterygopalatine ganglion 翼腭神经节 : lies in
pterygopalatine fossa under maxillary nerve
Submandibular ganglion 下颌下神经节: lies between
lingual nerve and submandibular gland
1. Is this paralysis belong to
supranuclear paralysis and
infranuclear paralysis
？
2. How to distinguish the
supranuclear paralysis and
infranuclear paralysis
Injury to the facial nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve (Ⅸ)
Components of fibers
Special visceral efferent fiber:
originate from nucleus ambiguus,
and supply stylopharygeus.
general visceral efferent fiber:
arise from inferior salivatory
nucleus and ralyed in otic
ganglion, the postganglionic fibers
supply parotid gland.
Special visceral afferent fiber:
transmit the taste of posterior third
of tongue to the nucleus of
solitary tract.
Glossopharyngeal nerve (Ⅸ)
Components of fibers
general visceral afferent
fiber: transmit the visceral
sensation from mucosa of
posterior third of tongue,
pharynx, auditory tube and
tympanic cavity, carotid sinus
and glomus, to the nucleus
of solitary tract.
general somatic afferent fiber:
conduct the sensation from
skin of posterior surface of
auricle.
Course: leaves the skull via jugular foramen
Branches
Lingual branches 舌支: to taste
buds and mucosa of posterior third
of tongue
Pharyngeal branches 咽支: take
part in forming the pharyngeal
plexus
Tympanic nerve 鼓室神经: →
tympanic cavity and auditory tube,
and its general visceral motor
fibers via lesser petrosal nerves to
end the otic ganglion耳神经节, the
postganglionic fibers via
auriculotemporal n.(Ⅴ3) to parotid
gland
Branches
Carotid sinus branch 颈动
脉窦支: →carotid sinus and
glomus
Others: tonsillar and
stylophayngeal branches
Otic ganglion 耳神经节: situated
just below foramen ovale
Lingual branches
Pharyngeal branches
Carotid sinus
branch
Vagus nerve (Ⅹ)
components of fibers
general visceral efferent
fiber: originate from dorsal
nucleus of vagus nerve,
synapse in parasympathetic
ganglion, short postganglionic
fibers innervate cardiac
muscles, smooth muscles
and glands of viscera
Special visceral efferent
fiber: originate from the
nucleus ambiguus, to
muscles of pharynx and
larynx
Vagus nerve (Ⅹ)
components of fibers
general visceral afferent
fiber: carry impulse from
viscera in neck, thoracic and
abdominal cavity to nucleus
of solitary tract
general somatic afferent fiber:
conduct the sensation from
auricle, external acoustic
meatus and cerebral dura
mater to the spinal nucleus of
trigeminal n.
Course
•Exits the skull from jugular foramen
•Descends in the neck in carotid sheath
between internal (or common) carotid artery
and internal jugular vein
Right vagus nerve
Enter thoracic cavity on right side of trachea
and infront of right subclavian a. and passes
posterior to right lung root
Forms posterior esophageal plexus
and posterior vagal trunk
Passes though the esophageal hiatus into
abdominal cavity, then divides into posterior
gastric 胃后支and celiac branches 腹腔支
Left vagus nerve
Enter thoracic cavity between left
common carotid and left
subclavian arteries, Descends
infront of the aortic arch
Passes posterior to the root of left
lung Forms anterior esophageal
plexus and anterior vagal trunk
Passes though the esophageal hiatus
into abdominal cavity, and divides
into anterior gastric and hepatic
branches.
Branches in neck
Superior laryngeal
nerve 喉上神经

Internal branch

which pierces thyrohyoid
membrane to innervates
mucous membrane of
larynx above fissure of
glottis

Internal branch
External branch,
which innervates
cricothyroid
Cervical cardiac
branches 颈心支
descending to terminate in
cardiac plexus
External branch
Branches in thorax
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
喉返神经

Right one hooks around right
subclavian artery, left one hooks
aortic arch

Both ascend in tracheo-esophageal
groove

Nerves enter larynx posterior to
cricothyroid joint, the nerve is now
called inferior laryngeal nerve

Innervations: laryngeal mucosa
below fissure of glottis , all laryngeal
muscles except cricothyroid
Bronchial and esophageal branches
Branches in abdomen
Anterior and posterior gastric
branches

Run close to lesser curvature and
innervate anterior and posterior
surfaces of stomach
Hepatic branches 肝支:
supply liver and gallbladder
Celiac branches:
send branches to celiac plexus whose
fibers distribute with sympathetic fibers to liver,
pancreas, spleen, kidneys, intestine as far as
left colic flexure
Nucleus of
oculomotor n.
Accessory nucleus
of oculomotor n.
Auriculotempor
al nerve
Inferior alveolar
nerve下牙槽神经
The nerve distribution of
tongue 舌的神经分布
• Hypoglossal n. → the
musels of tongue;
• Mandibular n. →
anterior 2/3 mucosa of
tongue;
• Facial n. → anterior
2/3 teste buds of tongue;
• Glossopharygeal n.
→the mucosa and teste
buds of the root of
tongue
?
The nerve distribution of the eyeball
III →sup. Inferior and medial rectus,inferior obliquus
IV→ superior obliquus VI→lateral rectus
Optic n. → visual sense;
Ophthalmic n. →general sense of eyeball;
sympathetic n. →dilator pupillae;
parasympathetic n. →sphincter pupillae and ciliary m.