Download Thoracic Vertebrae

Q.O.D
What are the main functions
of the skeletal system?
1
Chapter 7
Skeletal System
2
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• Introduction:
A. Bones are very active tissues.
B. Each bone is made up of several types of
tissues and so is an organ.
C. Bone functions include: muscle
attachment, protection and support, blood
cell production, and storage of minerals.
3
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• Bone Structure
A. Bones differ in size and shape, yet are
similar in several ways.
4
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B.Parts of a Long Bone
- Epiphysis
- Articular cartilage
- Diaphysis
- Periosteum
- Compact bone
- Spongy bone
- Medullary cavity
- Endosteum
- Marrow
5
- A bone's shape makes possible its
function
- Processes
- Grooves
- Foramen
- Condyles
(See table 7.2, p. 135)
6
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7
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C. Microscopic Structure
- Osteocytes
- Lacunae
- Canaliculi
- Osteon (Haversian system)
- Central canal (Haversian canal)
- Perforating canals (Volkmann’s canals)
8
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1. In compact bone, osteocytes and
intercellular material are organized into
osteons that are cemented together.
2. Unlike compact bone, the osteocytes and
intercellular material in spongy bone are not
arranged around osteonic canals.
9
10
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11
Bone Structure
12
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 Bone Development and Growth
A. Bones form by replacing connective tissue
in the fetus.
B. Two types:
- Intramembranous
- Endochondral
13
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C.
Intramembranous Bones
1. Membranelike layers of connective tissue
appear at the sites of future bones
2. Osteoblasts deposit bony tissue
around themselves – forms spongy bone in
all directions
14
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3. Once osteoblasts deposit bone
located in lacunae, they are called
osteocytes.
4. Cells of the membranous
connective tissue that lie outside the
developing bone give rise to the
periosteum.
5. Osteoblasts inside the periosteum form
compact bone over the spongy bone
15
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D.
Endochondral Bones
1.
Most of the bones of the
skeleton fall into this category.
2.
They first develop as hyaline
cartilage models and are then
replaced with bone.
16
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3.
4.
Cartilage is broken down in the
diaphysis and progressively replaced
with bone while the periosteum
develops on the outside.
Cartilage tissue is invaded by blood
vessels and osteoblasts that first form
spongy bone at the primary
ossification center in the diaphysis.
17
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5. Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum lay
down compact bone outside the
spongy bone.
6. Secondary ossification centers appear
later in the epiphyses.
18
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7.
8.
9.
A band of hyaline cartilage, the
epiphyseal plate, forms between the
two ossification centers.
Layers of cartilage cells undergoing
mitosis make up the epiphyseal plate.
Osteoclasts break down the calcified
matrix and are replaced with bonebuilding osteoblasts that deposit bone
in place of calcified cartilage.
19
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10.
11.
Epiphyseal plates are responsible for
lengthening bones while increases in
thickness are due to intramembranous
ossification underneath the
periosteum.
A medullary cavity forms in the region
of the diaphysis due to the activity of
osteoclasts.
20
21
22
Fig. 7.05c
23
Fig. 7.05d
24
Fig. 7.05e
25
Fig. 7.05f
26
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27
Bone Development
28
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E.
Homeostasis of Bone Tissue
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts
29
Fig. 7.07
30
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 Bone Function
A. Support and Protection
B. Body Movement
- Levers
C. Hematopoiesis
D. Storage of Inorganic Salts
- Calcium phosphate
31
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
Skeletal Organization
Assemble the Skeleton:
Get in groups of 3 and assemble the following parts:
-
Arm (2)
Leg(2)
Skull/spine(partial)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
32
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
Skeletal Organization
A.
B.
The axial skeleton consists of the skull,
hyoid bone, vertebral column
(vertebrae and intervertebral disks),
and thorax (ribs and sternum).
The appendicular skeleton consists of
the pectoral girdle (scapulae and
clavicles), upper limbs (humerus,
radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and
phalanges), pelvic girdle (coxal bones
articulating with the sacrum), and
lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula,
patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges).
33
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34
Q.O.D
How many bones are in the
skull?
- Cranium?
- Face?
35
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– Skull
A.
The skull is made up of 22
bones, including 8 cranial bones, 13
facial bones, and the mandible.
36
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37
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B. Cranium
1.
The cranium encloses and protects the
brain, provides attachments for muscles,
and contains air-filled sinuses that reduce
its weight.
2.
Contains 8 bones, joined by sutures.
38
Bones of the cranium
• Frontal bone
– supraorbital foramina
– Frontal sinuses
• Parietal bones (2)
– Joined by sagittal suture
– Joined to frontal bone by coronal suture
• Occiptal bones
– Joined to parietal bones by lambdoidal suture
– Foramen magnum
– Occipital condyles
39
Q.O.D
What is cleft palate? Why
does it form?
40
• Temporal bones (2)
– Joined to parietal bones by squamosal suture
– external auditory meatus
– Mandibular fossae
– Mastoid process
– Styloid process
– Zygomatic process
41
• Sphenoid bone
– Wing-shaped bone in anterior portion of
cranium
– Forms base of cranium, sides of skull, and
floors and walls of orbits
– Sella trucica
– Sphenoidal sinuses
42
• Ethmoid bone
– Located anterior to sphenoid bone
– Forms sections of the cranial floor, orbital
walls and nasal cavity walls
– Cribriform plates
– Crista galli
– Perpendicular plate
– Superior and Middle Nasal conchae
– Ethmoidal sinuses
43
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C.
Facial Skeleton
1.
The 13 immovable facial bones and
mandible form the basic face and
provide attachments for muscles of
mastication and expression.
44
• Maxillae
– Form upper jaw
– Forms anterior portion of hard palate, floors of
orbits, sides and floor of nasal cavity
– Maxillary sinuses
– Palantine processes
• Palantine bones (2)
– L-shaped, located behind maxillae
– Form posterior portion of hard palate and floor
of nasal cavity
45
• Zygomatic bones (2)
– Form prominance of cheek – Zygomatic arch
– Temporal process
• Lacrimal bones (2)
– Thin, scalelike bone
– Located in medial wall of each orbit between
ethmoid and maxillae
• Nasal bones
– Long, thin, rectangular
– Form bridge of nose
46
• Vomer bone
– Thin, flat bone
– Midline within nasal cavity
– Forms septum with ethmoid bone
• Inferior Nasal Conchae
– Scroll-shaped bones
– Support mucous membranes
47
• Mandible
– Only movable bone in skull
– Mandibular condyle
– Coronoid process
– Mental foramen
– Alveolar arch
48
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49
Infantile Skull
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fontanels
Smaller face
More prominent forehead
Larger orbits
Small jaw and nasal cavity
Incompletely formed sinuses
Frontal bone in two parts
– Frontal Suture (Metopic suture)
50
Cleft Palate
51
Q.O.D
What is (are) the function(s)
of the vertebral column?
52
The Vertebral Column
• Structure and Function:
– Extends from the skull to the pelvis
– Composed of :
• Vertebrae
• Intervertebral discs
– Supports the head and trunk and
protects the spinal cord.
• Vertebral canal
53
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54
Q.O.D
What is spina bifida?
55
A Typical Vertebra
• All Vertebrae share common features:
– A drum-shaped body
• The Bodies support the weight of the head
and trunk
• The intervertebral discs cushion the forces
of motion
56
Fig. 7.17
57
– Two pedicles
– Two plates called laminae
– spinous process
– The pedicles, laminae and spinous
process form the vertebral arch
around the vertebral foramen
– The spinal cord passes through the
vertebral foramen
58
Other Common features
• Processes and Foramina:
– Transverse process: Between the pedicles
and laminae
• Point of attachment for muscles and ligaments
– Superior and inferior articular processes
• Join vertebrae together
– Intervertabral foramina: Passageway for
spinal nerves and blood vessels
59
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Cervical Vertebrae
1.
These seven bones are the smallest
of the vertebrae that comprise the
neck and support the head.
2.
Contain transverse foramina
3.
The spinous process for the 2nd
through 5th vertebrae are bifid.
60
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4.
The first vertebra is the atlas
- Contains two articular facets
5.
The second vertebra is the axis,
which bears a dens (the odontoid
process) that projects upward.
- The atlas pivots around the dens
when the head is turned from side
to side
61
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62
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E.
Thoracic Vertebrae
1.
Twelve thoracic vertebrae articulate
with the ribs.
2.
These bones are larger and stronger
than the cervical vertebrae.
F.
Lumbar Vertebrae
1.
The five massive lumbar vertebrae
support the weight of the body.
63
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G. Sacrum
1.
The sacrum is a triangular structure
at the base of the vertebral column
made up of five vertebrae fused into
one bone.
2.
The spinous processes of these
vertebrae fuse to form a ridge of
tubercles that have dorsal sacral
foramina along their sides.
3.
On the ventral surface of the
sacrum, four pairs of pelvic sacral
foramina provide passageways for
nerves and blood vessels.
64
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H. Coccyx
1.
The coccyx is the lowermost portion
of the vertebral column and is
composed of four fused vertebrae.
65
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 Thoracic Cage
A. The thoracic cage includes:
- the ribs
- thoracic vertebrae
- sternum
- costal cartilages.
B. It supports the pectoral girdle and upper
limbs, functions in breathing, and
protects thoracic and upper abdominal
organs.
66
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C.
Ribs
1.
Normally, there are 12 pairs of
ribs that attach to the thoracic
vertebrae.
2.
The first seven pairs of ribs are
true (or vertebrosternal) ribs
67
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3.
and the
floating ribs.
The remaining five pairs are false
ribs: the first three pairs are
vertebrochondral ribs,
last two pairs are
68
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4.
Features of a typical rib include
a shaft, costal groove,
anterior
(sternal) end, head,
neck, and
tubercle.
a.
The head articulates with
the vertebrae; the
tubercle
articulates with
the
transverse
process of the
thoracic
vertebrae.
69
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D.
Sternum
1.
The sternum (breastbone) is
located along the anterior
midline
of the thoracic cage.
2.
It consists of:
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process.
70
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71
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 Pectoral Girdle
A.
B.
The pectoral girdle makes an
incomplete ring that functions to:
support the upper limbs.
It is made up of
- two scapulae
- two clavicles.
72
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C. Clavicles
1.
The clavicles are elongated S-shaped
bones located at the base of the
neck
that function to brace the
scapulae.
- Acromial end
- Sternal end
- Commonly called the collar bone
73
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D. Scapulae
1.
The scapulae are flat, triangular
bones on either side of the upper
back.
2.
Features:
- Spine
- acromion process
- coracoid process
- glenoid cavity
74
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75
Fig. 7.22a
76
Fig. 7.22b
77
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 Upper Limb
A.
Bones of the upper limb form the
framework for
- the arm
- the forearm
- the hand
78
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B. Humerus
1.
The humerus makes up the upper arm,
extending from the scapula to the
elbow.
2.
It articulates:
- with the scapulae at its head
- with the radius at the capitulum
- with the ulna at the trochlea.
79
• Other features of the humerus
–Greater tuberbcle
–Lesser tubercle
–Anatomical neck
–Surgical neck
–Deltoid tuberosity
–Epicondyles
–Coronoid fossa
–Olecranon fossa
80
Right Humerus
81
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C. Radius
1.
The radius is located on the thumb side
of the forearm, extending from
the
elbow to the wrist.
2.
The flattened head of the radius pivots
with the humerus.
3.
Other features of the radius include the
radial tuberosity and styloid
process.
82
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D. Ulna
1.
The ulna is the longer of the two bones
making up the forearm
- Trochlear notch
- Olecranon process
- Coronoid process
- Radial notch
- Head
- Styloid process
83
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84
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E. Hand
1.
The wrist of the hand is made up of
eight carpal bones bound into a
carpus.
2.
The framework of the hand is made up
of five metacarpal bones.
3.
The fingers are composed of three
phalanges in each finger except
the
thumb, which lacks the
middle phalanx.
85
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86
Q.O.D
Other than the skull, how else
do male and female
skeletons differ?
87
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 Pelvic Girdle
A. The pelvic girdle consists of:
- the two coxal bones
B. Functions:
- the pelvic girdle supports and protects the
lower abdominal and pelvic organs.
- it supports the trunk of the body on the
lower limbs.
- Coxae, sacrum and coccyx = Pelvis
88
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C.
Each coxal bone is made up of three
bones:
- Ilium
-Ischium
- Pubis
- All fuse in the acetabulum
D.
The ilium – Largest, most superior
- iliac crest
- anterior superior iliac spine
- sacroiliac joint
89
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E.
The ischium - the L-shaped portion
that supports weight during sitting.
- ischial tuberosity
- ischial spine
F.
The pubis - the anterior portion of the
coxal bones
- symphysis pubis
- obturator foramen
90
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 Lower Limb
A.
The bones of the lower limb provide the
framework for:
- the thigh
- the lower leg
- the foot.
91
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B.
is
body.
Femur
1.
The femur, or thighbone, extends
from the hip to the knee and
the longest bone in the
2.
Its head articulates with the
acetabulum; it articulates with the
tibia at the medial and lateral
condyles.
92
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3.
Features of the femur:
- fovea capitis
- neck
- greater and lesser trochanters.
4.
The patella (kneecap) is located in
the tendon that passes over the
knee.
93
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94
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C.
Tibia
1.
The tibia (shinbone) supports the
weight of the body and
articulates
with the femur (medial
and lateral
condyles) and with the
tarsal
bones of the foot.
2.
Features:
- tibial tuberosity
- medial malleolus
95
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D.
not
Fibula
1.
The fibula is a slender bone lying
lateral to the tibia; it does
bear body weight.
- lateral malleolus
96
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97
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E.
tarsus.
Foot
1.
The ankle is composed of seven
tarsal bones, forming a
a.
b.
The talus articulates with
the tibia and fibula.
The calcaneus supports the
body weight.
98
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2.
The instep of the foot consists of
five metatarsal bones and
provides an arch.
3.
Each toe is made up of three
phalanges, with the
exception of
the great toe,
which lacks a
middle phalanx.
99
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100
Male vs. Female Skeleton
• On average, male skeleton is larger
• On average, bones of female
skeleton are thinner and lighter
101
Pelvic Bones
Male
• More massive,
heavier
• Pelvic cavity is
smaller
• Pelvic inlet is heartshaped, smaller
• Pubic Arch narrow
• Sacrum is longer and
narrower
• Coocyx- less movable
Female
• More delicate, lighter
• Pelvic cavity is wider
• Pelvic inlet is round,
spacious
• Pubic arch wide
• Sacrum is shorter and
wider
• Coccyx– more
movable
102
Male
Cranial Bones
Female
• Frontal bone is lower
and sloping
• Browridges are more
prominent
• External occipital
protruberance present
• Cranium is larger
• Temporal ridge more
prominent – square
shaped
• Frontal bone is
rounded
• Browridges absent or
slight
• External occipital
protruberance absent
• Cranium is smaller
(slightly)
• Temporal ridge is less
prominent – rounder
shape
103
Male
Facial Bones
Female
• Face is narrower
• Less prominent cheek
bones
• Nose more
prominent, wider
• Chin is larger and
more square
• Face is a little wider
• More prominent
cheek bones
• Nose more pointed,
narrow
• Chin is smaller, more
pointed
104
Male
Other Bones
Female
• Humerus a little
shorter
• Femur is bigger in
diameter and length
• Most males have
shorter index finger
than ring finger
• Bones generally
heavier with more
prominent markings
• Humerus is a little
longer
• Femur smaller in
diameter and length
• Most females have
longer index finger
than ring finger
• Bones generally
lighter with less
prominent markings
105
Q.O.D
What is arthritis?
Compare/Contrast
osteoarthritis to rheumatoid
arthritis.
106
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 Joints
A.
B.
Joints = articulations
Joints enable a wide variety of body
movements.
C.
Joints can be classified according to the
degree of movement possible and
can
be immovable, slightly
movable, or
freely movable.
107
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D.
E.
Joints can also classified according to
the type of tissue that binds them
together.
Fibrous Joints
1.
Fibrous joints are held in close
contact together by dense
connective tissue and are:
- immovable
- only slightly movable
108
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109
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F.
Cartilaginous Joints
1.
Hyaline cartilage or disks of
fibrocartilage unite the bones in
cartilaginous joints.
2.
Examples:
110
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G.
Synovial Joints
1.
Most joints of the skeleton
2.
Features:
- Hyaline cartilage
- Joint capsule
- Outer membrane
- Inner synovial membrane
- Synovial fluid
- Meniscus (menisci)
- Bursa (Bursae)
111
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112
Fig. 7.35
113
Fig. 7.36
114
Fig. 7.37
Fig. 7.38
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Classification of Synovial Joints
-
Ball-and-Socket joint
Condyloid joint
Gliding joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Saddle joint
117
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H.
Types of Joint Movements
1.
When a muscle contracts, its fibers pull
its movable end (insertion)
oward its
stationary end
origin), causing
movement at a
oint.
118
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2.
These terms describe movements that
occur at joints: flexion, extension,
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion,
hyperextension, abduction,
adduction,
rotation,
circumduction, pronation,
supination,
eversion, inversion,
retraction,
protraction, elevation, and
depression.
119