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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky The Human Body: An Orientation Part B Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 Today! We will learn about……. Life functions and survival needs Homeostasis and Feedback mechanisms Anatomical position and directional terms Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes Organismal level – accomplished by the skin Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuffs Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body Excretion – removal of wastes from the body Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic Control Mechanisms The variable produces a change in the body The three interdependent components of control mechanisms are: Receptor – monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli) Control center – determines the set point at which the variable is maintained Effector – provides the means to respond to the stimulus Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic Control Mechanisms 3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center 4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to Effector Receptor (sensor) 2 Change detected by receptor 1 Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) 5 Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Figure 1.4 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative Feedback In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative Feedback Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Positive Feedback In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus Example: Regulation of blood clotting Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6 Homeostatic Imbalance Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Position Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7a Directional Terms Superior– toward the head Inferior –away from the head Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Anterior– toward the front of the body Posterior – toward the back of the body Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Medial– toward the midline Lateral - away from the midline Intermediate –between a more medial and lateral structure Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Proximal – closer to the origin of the body Distal – farther from the origin of the body Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Superficial – toward the body surface Deep –away from the body surface Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 Directional Terms Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 Regional Terms: Anterior View Axial – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular – appendages or limbs Specific regional terminology Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7a Regional Terms: Posterior View Figure 1.7b Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Variability Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place Small muscles may be missing Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Quiz next time over the material in this lecture! Work on study guide – Will be a check on pages 11-16 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings