Download Intervertebral Discs

Spine
What functions does the spine serve?
• Protect the spinal cord
• Serve as flexible, strong leverage for
muscles to provide movement
• Help stabilize the thoracic area and protect
the internal organs
The spine has 3 major components:
1.spinal column (i.e., bones and discs)
2.neural elements (i.e., the spinal cord
and nerve roots)
3. supporting structures (e.g., muscles
and ligaments)
spinal column
bones and discs
C1 and C2
1st two cervical vertebrae
Atlas = C1
Axis = C2
Cervical Vertebra (typical)
Thoracic Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebra
Sacrum
Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Review
Compare vertebra
1. Look at an articulated skeleton and
compare & contrast the cervicle, thoracic
and lumbar vertebrae – make a table of
these comparisons
2. Look at the angle of the facet joints
between vertebrae – hypothesize what
movements are possible with the different
angles of the Cervicle, Thoracic and
Lumbar facet joints
3. Look at the articulation of the ribs on the
spine. How/where do they articulate with
the Thoracic vertebrae?
Intervertebral Discs
Discs function to absorb and distribute shock
from movement (e.g. walking) and prevent the
vertebrae from grinding against one another.
Intervertebral Discs
Intervertebral Discs
Discs function to absorb and distribute shock
from movement (e.g. walking) and prevent the
vertebrae from grinding against one another.
Intervertebral Discs
Like a ball between two plates,
allows fluid movement in 3 planes
Intervertebral Discs
Extension
Flexion
Intervertebral Discs
Healthy Versus Diseased
= Zygapophyseal Joints
Facet joints are synovial joints.
One pair faces upward (superior articular facet)
and one downward (inferior articular facet).
These joints allow flexion (bend
forward), extension (bend backward),
and twisting motion.
Joints and Movements of spine
Movement of Spine
Lateral Flexion
Movement of Spine
With Lateral Flexion get rotation of vertebrae
supporting structures
muscles and ligaments
The ligaments of the spine are important for maintaining spinal
stability and help to protect against excessive movement
Primary Spinal Ligaments Include:
Movement prevented
Ligamentum Nuchae
Cervical
Flexion
Anterior Longitudinal
Axis – Sacrum
Extension & reinforces front of annulus fibrosis
Posterior Longitudinal
Axis – Sacrum
Flexion & reinforces back of annulus fibrosis
Ligamentum Flavum
Axis – Sacrum
Flexion
Ligament Review
Anterior view
Ligament Review
Side view
Ligament Review
More inferiorly on the spine, the ligamentum
nuchae becomes contiguous with what
ligament
In otherwords, the nuchal ligament is really
just a thickened portion of what ligament?
Supraspinous Ligament
Ligament Review
Anterior view: vertebral body cut away
We are looking at the ligaments between the laminae
Ligament Review
Posterior view: vertebral arch and spinous process cut off
We are looking at the ligaments between the vertebral bodies
Muscles of the Spine
Paraspinals
1. Transversospinalis Group (Deep to superficial)
a. Rotatores
b. Multifidi
c. Semispinalis capitis
2. Erector Spinae Group (Medial to lateral)
a. Spinalis
b. Longissimus
c. Iliocostalis
Quadratus Lumborum
Paraspinals: the muscles of the spine that help us
stand up straight, rotate and bend to the side.
Transversospinalis
• Rotatores
• Multifidi
• Semispinalis capitis
Multifidi & Rotatores
Pg. 206 Trail Guide
O: Sacrum (multifidi)
TVPs lumbar through
cervical vertebrae
I: SPs & TVPs of lumbar
through 2nd cervical
vertebrae
A: (Vertebral column)
Extension
Rotation to opposite side
(Multifidi span 2-4
vertebrae)
(Rotatores span 1-2
vertebrae)
Multifidi & Rotatores
Pg. 206 Trail Guide
O: Sacrum (multifidi)
TVPs lumbar through
cervical vertebrae
I: SPs & TVPs of lumbar
through 2nd cervical
vertebrae
A: (Vertebral column)
Extension
Rotation to opposite side
(Multifidi span 2-4
vertebrae)
(Rotatores span 1-2
vertebrae)
Multifidi & Rotatores
Pg. 206 Trail Guide
Semispinalis capitis
Pg. 207 Trail Guide
O: Transverse processes of
Thoracic vertebrae,
Articular processes of
lower cervicals
I: SPs of upper thoracic
and cervicals
(except C-1), and
superior nuchal line of
occiput
A: Extension of
Vertebral column & head
Erector Spinae Group
Pg. 171 Trail Guide
Spinalis (medial)
Longissimus (middle)
Iliocostalis (lateral)
O: Common Tendon (TLA –
thoracolumbar aponeurosis,
posterior sacrum, iliac crest, last 2
ribs, SPs lumbar & last 2 thoracic
vertebrae)
I: Posterior ribs
SPs & TVPs of thoracic & cervical
vertebrae
mastoid process of temporal bone
A: Bilaterally
Extension vertebral column
Unilaterally
Lateral flexion to same side
Erector Spinae Group
Pg. 202 Trail Guide
Spinalis (medial)
Longissimus (middle)
Iliocostalis (lateral)
O: Common Tendon (TLA –
thoracolumbar aponeurosis,
posterior sacrum, iliac crest, last 2
ribs, SPs lumbar & last 2 thoracic
vertebrae)
I: Posterior ribs
SPs & TVPs of thoracic & cervical
vertebrae
mastoid process of temporal bone
A: Bilaterally
Extension vertebral column
Unilaterally
Lateral flexion to same side
Quadratus Lumborum
Pg. 213 Trail Guide
O: Posterior Iliac crest
I: Last rib (rib 12)
TVPs L1-4
A: Unilaterally
Elevates hip
Lateral flexion vertebral
column
Assists in extension
vertebral column
Bilaterally
Fixes rib 12 during
respiration
“The Hip Hiker”
neural elements
the spinal cord and
nerve roots
plus a look at the protective,
supportive connective tissue