Download Naming Skeletal Muscles

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – the study of the structure of body
parts and their relationships to one another
Gross or macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Physiology – the study of the function of the
body’s structural machinery
Levels of Structural Organization
• Chemical – atoms combined to form
molecules
• Cellular – cells are made of molecules
• Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
• Organ – made up of different types of
tissues
• Organ system – consists of different organs
that work closely together
• Organism – made up of the organ systems
Organ Systems of the Body
• Lymphatic system
– Picks up fluid leaked
from blood vessels and
returns it to blood
– Disposes of debris in the
lymphatic stream
– Houses white blood cells
involved with immunity
Organ Systems of the Body
• Integumentary system
– Forms the external body covering
– Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil
glands, hair, and nails
– Protects deep tissues from
injury and synthesizes vitamin D
Organ Systems of the Body
• Urinary system
– Composed of kidneys,
ureters, urinary
bladder, and urethra
– Eliminates
nitrogenous wastes
from the body
– Regulates water,
electrolyte, and pH
balance of the blood
Anatomical Position
• Body erect, feet
slightly apart, palms
facing forward,
thumbs point away
from body
Directional Terms
• Superior and inferior – toward and away
from the head, respectively
• Anterior and posterior – toward the front and
back of the body
• Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward
the midline, away from the midline, and
between a more medial and lateral structure
Directional Terms
• Proximal and distal – closer to and farther
from the origin of the body
• Superficial and deep – toward and away
from the body surface
Regional Terms: Anterior View
• Axial – head,
neck, and
trunk
• Appendicular
–
appendages
or limbs
• Specific
regional
terminology
Figure 1.7a
Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
Body Planes
• Sagittal – divides the body into right and left
parts
• Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies
on the midline
• Frontal or coronal – divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts
• Transverse or horizontal (cross section) –
divides the body into superior and inferior
parts
• Oblique section – cuts made diagonally
Three Basic Shapes
• Squamous – like scales, or
pancakes (“being squashed
like a pancake”)
• Cuboidal – looks like cubes
• Columnar – longer and look
like columns
Cell Organization
• Simple – single layer of cells; typically found
where absorption and filtration occur or a single
layer of epithelial is needed
simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
• Stratified – layers of cells; common in areas
where protection is needed like the skin
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
stratified columnar
Review What You’ve Learned…
Muscle Type Striated?
# of nuclei
Voluntary or
Involuntary
Skeletal
Yes
Multinucleated
Voluntary
Yes
Single
Nucleus
Involuntary
No
Single
Nucleus
Involuntary
Cardiac
Smooth
Smooth Muscle Cells
– are small and pointed at their ends
– can divide and regenerate new cells
– non-striated, involuntary, and single nucleus
– found in hollow organs like the intestine,
bladder, lungs, and blood vessels
– move substances through hollow opening
by contracting slowly; they squeeze things
through like a tube of toothpaste
Skeletal Muscle Cells
– Striated, voluntary, and multinucleated
– are long, thin and cylindrical; they are
attached to bones and move our skeleton
– are usually called “muscle fibers”
– do not divide to create new cells
– new fibers are produced by stem cells
– Striations -- cross stripes (bands) run
perpendicular to the cells
Cardiac Muscle Cells
– are called “cardiocytes” and found in
heart walls
– branching cells connect at intercalated
disks which allow contractions to occur
faster
– are regulated by pacemaker cells which
control contraction of the heart muscles
– striated, involuntary, and single nucleus
Synovial Membranes (Connective)
• Some joints are
surrounded by a
membrane
(synovium) that
produces a thick,
synovial fluid. This
fluid nourish the
cartilage and keeps
it slippery.
Knee Joint
Appendages of the Skin
• Sweat glands
– Produce sweat widely distributed in skin
(2.5 million per person)
– helps cool the body
– Two types
• Eccrine
– Opens up to skin through a duct (pore) on skin surface
– Most numerous on the body
• Apocrine
– Ducts empty into hair follicles
– Found mostly in armpits and genital areas
– Precise function is unknown but are they are activated
during pain, stress and during sexual foreplay.
Seven Functions of Skin
• Mechanical/Chemical damage – keratin
toughens cells; fats cells cushion blows; and
pressure receptors to measure possible
damage
• Bacterial damage – skin secretions are
acidic and inhibit bacteria.
• Ultraviolet radiation – melanin produced to
protect from UV damage
Skin Functions
• Thermal control – regulates body temperature
– Heat loss: sweat to cool the skin
– Heat retention: prevents blood to rush into capillary beds
• Waterproofing – contains lipids to prevent drying out
• Excretion of waste – urea and uric acid secreted in
sweat
• Makes vitamin D – modifies cholesterol molecules in
skin and converts it to vitamin D
Melanin
• Pigment (melanin)
produced by melanocytes
• Melanocytes are mostly in
the stratum basale
• Color is yellow to red to
brown to black
• Amount of melanin
produced depends upon
genetics and exposure to
sunlight
Layers of the Epidermis
• Stratum lucidum
– Formed from dead cells of the deeper layers
– Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms
of hands and soles of feet
• Stratum corneum
– Outermost layer of epidermis
– Scale-like dead cells are filled with keratin
which is a protective protein preventing water
loss from skin
Appendages of the Skin
• Sebaceous glands
– Produce oil
• Lubricant for skin which keeps skin soft and moist
• Prevents brittle hair
• Kills bacteria (slightly acidic)
– Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles;
others open directly onto skin surface
– Glands are activated at puberty and this is what
causes teenage acne
Sweat and
its Function
• Composition
–
–
–
–
Mostly water
Salts and excess vitamin C
Some metabolic waste (urea and uric acid)
Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
• Function
– Helps rid body of excess heat
– Excretes waste products
– Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
• Odor is from associated bacteria
Classification of Bones Based of Shape
Anatomy of a Long Bone
• Epiphyseal plate
– Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young,
growing bone (a.k.a. = growth plate)
• Epiphyseal line
– Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
– Seen in adult bones
Bone Surface Markings
• Depressions and openings fro blood vessels
and nerves to pass through
– Foramen – round or
oval opening in a bone
– Meatus – canal-like
– Fossa – shallow depression
mostly to form a joint
Types of Bone Cells
• Osteocytes—mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts—bone-destroying cells
– Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium in response to parathyroid
hormone
• Bone remodeling is performed by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bones of the Skeleton
• Know all of the bones
of your skeleton!
Simple and Compound Fractures
• Simple
– Clean break in the
bone
• Compound
– Bone breaks and
pierces skin
Microscopic Anatomy of
Skeletal Muscle
• Sarcomere — contractile unit of a muscle
fiber (muscle cell)
• Organization of the sarcomere
– Myofilaments
• Thick filaments = myosin filaments
• Thin filaments = actin filaments
Microscopic Anatomy of
Skeletal Muscle
Figure 6.3c
Muscle Anatomy
Figure 6.1
Know your Muscles
Naming Skeletal Muscles
1 – Location of the muscle
2 – Shape of the muscle
3 – Size of the muscle
4 – Direction/Orientation of the muscle
fibers/cells
5 – Number of Origins
6 – Location of the Attachments
7 – Action of the muscle