Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
History of radiation therapy wikipedia , lookup
Center for Radiological Research wikipedia , lookup
Backscatter X-ray wikipedia , lookup
Radiosurgery wikipedia , lookup
Radiographer wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear medicine wikipedia , lookup
Positron emission tomography wikipedia , lookup
Image-guided radiation therapy wikipedia , lookup
This presentation contains information in the slides and notes pages – please review in Normal View Module Outline: Imaging Basics This module will … • Highlight key events in the historical development of imaging • Identify techniques used in modern imaging departments • Review which techniques do or do not use ionizing radiation • Explain radiological orientations, directions & conventions Module Author: Imaging Basics Andrew Farrall Dr Farrall came to the Division of Clinical Neurosciences in 2002 from Canada, where he trained as a Radiologist in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He obtained an MD in 1997 from the University of Calgary in Alberta, an MSc in 1995 from the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, and a BSc (Hons) from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver in 1990. He has part time appointments as a Fellow at the University of Edinburgh and as a Consultant Neuroradiologist in the NHS, with sessions at the Western General Hospital & at St. John's Hospital. His main interests are in Stroke Neuroradiology & the role of Magnetic Resonance in its investigation. Lacunar stroke, dementias & small vessel disease form the core of his research. He is also interested in teaching issues in Neuroradiology. The slides that follow are those used for the final presentation Module: Techniques & Physics Lecture: Imaging Basics Description: History, terminology & orientation Author: Dr. Andrew Farrall Objectives: • Highlight key events in the historical development of imaging • Identify techniques used in modern imaging departments • Review which techniques do or do not use ionizing radiation • Explain radiological orientations, directions & conventions Prerequisites: • There are no pre-requisites for this session Brief Historical Outline X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895 which is generally accepted as being the birth of radiology. Since that time, X-ray radiology technology has taken advantage of technological advancements in image capture & representation, and also has evolved with computing advances. Also, other techniques for imaging have been developed, some using radiation and others not. What follows is a timeline summary of some key events in the history of imaging. Imaging Orientation & Direction “Superior” refers to anything above your point of reference, where above means in a direction towards the top of the head e.g. the nose is superior to the lips Superiorly Inferiorly “Inferior” refers to anything below your point of reference, where below means in a direction towards the feet e.g. the lips are inferior to the nose. Image Conventions Patient’s right side Therefore, the RIGHT side of a radiological image as you look at it is the patient’s LEFT side; the LEFT side of a radiological image is the patient’s RIGHT side. Superior Patient’s left side By convention, when we view images, we look at them as though we are actually looking at the patient “face-to-face”. Skull X-ray Often a marker “R” or “L” embedded in the film indicates which is the patient’s right or left. Inferior Modern Imaging Departments Imaging techniques used in modern imaging departments can be divided into those which use ionizing radiation and those which do not. Radiation No Radiation Modern Imaging Departments Two commonly used techniques which do not use ionizing radiation to create images are Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound (US). Radiation No Radiation Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasound Imaging Orientation & Direction “Lateral” refers to anything lying towards the sides, left or right, relative to your point of reference Laterally right Laterally left Medial “Medial” refers to anything lying towards a plane running through the middle of the body, dividing it into left and right halves e.g. the nose lies medially to the eyes. Summary You should now be able to: • Outline the historical development of imaging • Identify techniques used in modern imaging departments • Identify which techniques do or do not use ionizing radiation • Distinguish between techniques which use ionizing radiation • Understand radiological orientations, directions & convention End of presentation Module Resources: Imaging Basics • Books o Huda W, Stone R, Review of radiologic physics. Williams & Wilkins, Media, PA, 1995. Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Matching): (1) Match the correct date with the corresponding event: First magnetic resonance image published 1946 Functional magnetic resonance imaging becomes feasible 1973 First successful magnetic resonance experiment 1977 First human magnetic resonance image obtained 1991 Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (1) Match the correct date with the corresponding event: First magnetic resonance image published 1946 Functional magnetic resonance imaging becomes feasible 1973 First successful magnetic resonance experiment 1977 First human magnetic resonance image obtained 1991 Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Ranking): (2) Put the following events into the correct order: First successful (NMR) experiment Radioactivity discovered X-rays discovered Scintillation camera developed Ultrasound in clinical practice starts Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (2) Put the following events into the correct order: First successful (NMR) experiment 3 Radioactivity discovered 2 X-rays discovered 1 Scintillation camera developed 5 Ultrasound in clinical practice starts 4 Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Matrix): (3) Match the person with the underlying imaging principle: Edward Purcell X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Antoine-Henri Becquerel X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Ernest Lawrence X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Godfrey Hounsfield X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Paul Lauterbur X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Felix Bloch X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answers: (3) Match the person with the underlying imaging principle: Edward Purcell X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Antoine-Henri Becquerel X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Ernest Lawrence X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Godfrey Hounsfield X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Paul Lauterbur X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Felix Bloch X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen X-rays Radioactivity MR Ultrasound Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Multiple response): (4) Mark all imaging techniques which rely on ionizing radiation to create images: SPECT MRI CT PET Ultrasound Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (4) Mark all imaging techniques which rely on ionizing radiation to create images: SPECT MRI CT PET Ultrasound Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Multiple response): (5) Mark all imaging techniques which rely on injection of radiating isotopes to create images: Ultrasound CT SPECT PET MRI Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (5) Mark all imaging techniques which rely on injection of radiating isotopes to create images: Ultrasound CT SPECT PET MRI Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (True/False): (6) With reference to the image of the head: “a” lies laterally to the nearest eye a b c “b” lies medially to both eyes “b” lies superiorly to the mouth d e “d” lies superiorly to the mouth “e” lies inferiorly to the nose Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (6) With reference to the image of the head: a b c “a” lies laterally to the nearest eye True “b” lies medially to both eyes True “b” lies superiorly to the mouth True “d” lies superiorly to the mouth True “e” lies inferiorly to the nose True d e Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (True/False): (7) With reference to the image of the head: “a” lies posteriorly to the ear b “b” lies superiorly to the ear a c “c” lies anteriorly to the ear d e “c” lies inferiorly to the eye “c” lies posteriorly to the nose Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (7) With reference to the image of the head: b a c “a” lies posteriorly to the ear True “b” lies superiorly to the ear True “c” lies anteriorly to the ear True “c” lies inferiorly to the eye True “c” lies posteriorly to the nose True d e Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Drag & drop): (8) Place the labels adjacent to the appropriate images: Ground or Floor Supine Prone Upright or erect Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (8) Place the labels adjacent to the appropriate images: Prone Ground or Floor Upright or erect Supine Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Drag & drop): (9) Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed frontal skull X-ray in the appropriate locations: Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Right Left Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (9) Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed frontal skull X-ray in the appropriate locations: Superior Anterior Posterior Right Left Inferior Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Drag & drop): (10) Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed axial head CT image in the appropriate locations: Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Right Left Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (10) Place any applicable labels for this conventionally displayed axial head CT image in the appropriate locations: Anterior Superior Right Left Inferior Posterior Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Fill in the blank): (11) Using conventional imaging terminology, the projection of the skull X-ray illustrated below is: ________________ Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (11) Using conventional imaging terminology, the projection of the skull X-ray illustrated below is: lateral Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Question (Matrix): (12) Select the orientation of the section defined by the orange plane: Axial Coronal Sagittal Axial Coronal Sagittal Axial Coronal Sagittal Axial Coronal Sagittal Learning Activities: Imaging Basics Answer: (12) Select the orientation of the section defined by the orange plane: Axial Coronal Sagittal Axial Coronal Sagittal Axial Coronal Sagittal Axial Coronal Sagittal