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General Terminology
Unit
Read Chapter 1: HW
pg 20
M/C #1, 4, S.A. #8, 9
Clinic #4
Basic Vocabulary
Anatomy—Study of
internal/external body
parts and relationships
•
Microscopic anatomy—
– cytology—analysis of
internal structure of
individual cells
– histology—studying
tissues
5/24/2017
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vmthpub.vetmed.wisc.edu
ltc.smm.org
2
Basic Vocabulary
Macroscopic (Gross)—
visible to naked eye,
many subdivisions
–
–
–
Surface Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Systemic
Anatomy—our
focus
anatomy.med.umich.edu
www.ohsuhealth.co
m
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jeffline.jefferson.edu
3
Basic Vocabulary
Physiology—Study of functions of
human body
–
–
–
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Cell physiology—functions of cells
Systemic physiology—our focus—
looking at systems within body
Pathologic physiology—looking at
diseases and effects
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Systems of the Human Body
•
•
•
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
www.drstandley.com
www.allposters.com
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virtualastronaut.j
sc.nasa.gov
5
Systems of the Human Body
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
www.howcomyoucom.com
health.enotes.com
www.infovisual.info
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Systems of the Human Body
•
•
•
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Urinary
www.emc.maricopa.edu
home.comcast.net
5/24/2017
www.health.uab.edu
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Systems of the Human Body
•
•
Digestive
Reproductive
www.enchantedlearning.com
www.ohiocitizen.org
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Functions necessary for life
www.cs.utexas.edu
Maintaining boundaries—
being able to keep
inside separate from
outside
Movement—internal
(transport of food,
blood, etc.) or external
www.virtuallaboratory.net
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Functions necessary for life
Responsiveness—organisms
change in relationship to
environment, such as blinking
when something is thrown at
you, migrating with cold
weather, etc.
Digestion
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Functions necessary for life
Metabolism—the
sum of all
chemical
operations within
body
Excretion—ridding
the body of
harmful
substances
en.wikipedia.org
5/24/2017
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Functions necessary for life
•
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Growth/Differentiation—
growth over time due to
increased number of cells
and (in multicellular
organisms) different cells
specializing in different
functions
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Environmental factors—
Survival needs
•
•
•
•
•
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Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Appropriate temperature
Atmospheric pressure
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Homeostasis
•
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the give and
take/balancing
act going on in
your body at all
times.
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Language of Anatomy
Anatomical position—
hands at sides with
palms forward
•
Become familiar with Table
1.1 and figures 1.5a and
1.5b—this will help you in
later chapters!
Supine—lying face up in
anatomical position
Prone—lying face down in
anatomical position
www.answers.com
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Language of Anatomy con’t:
•
Superior/Cranial: Toward the head end of the
body.
–
•
Inferior/Caudal: Toward the foot end of the
body.
–
•
Eg. The foot is part of the inferior extremity; the
hips are caudal to the wrist.
Anterior/ventral: Belly side (only in humans,
not 4-legged animals)
–
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Eg. The hand is part of the superior extermity.
Eg. The kneecap is located on the anterior side of
the body.
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Language of Anatomy con’t:
Posterior/Dorsal—back (only in humans,
not 4-legged animals)
•
eg. The shoulder blades are located on the
posterior side of the body.
Medial—toward the midline of the body.
•
eg. The great toe is located on the medial side of the
foot.
Lateral—away from the midline of the
body
•
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eg. Moving laterally from the nose brings you to the
eyes.
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Language of Anatomy con’t:
Proximal—toward/nearest the trunk or the point of
origin of a part.
•
eg. The elbow is located on the proximal end of the forearm.
Distal—away from/farthest from the trunk or the
point of origin of a part.
•
eg. The hand is located on the distal end of the forearm.
Superficial—near/relatively near the surface of the
body.
•
eg. The skin is superficial to the muscles
Deep—farther from the body surface.
•
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eg. The bones are deep in the arm.
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Body Planes are sections
Sagittal—a lengthwise
plane running from
front to back that
divides a body into
right and left sides.
Median/Midsagittal—
sagittal plane
through the
midline; splitting
the body into right
and left halves.
www.norcalneuro.com
5/24/2017
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Body Planes are sections
Coronal/Frontal—lengthwise
plane running from side to side;
divides a body into anterior and
posterior parts.
Transverse—crosswise plane;
divides body into superior and
inferior parts.
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Overview of Tissues
a tissue is an organized group of
cells and non-living interstitial
material. Each tissue
specializes in performing at least
one unique function that is
essential for healthy survival of
the body.
•
Epithelial tissue:
–
–
5/24/2017
Lines the body’s surface,
cavities, ducts and tubes
One free surface faces a body
fluid or the environment
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www.willamette.edu
21
Epithelial tissue
•
Functions of Epithelial Tissue:
–
–
–
–
5/24/2017
Provide physical protection—protect
exposed/internal surfaces from abrasion,
dehydration, etc.
Control permeability—any substance that
enters/leaves body has to cross an epithelium
Provide sensation—most epithelia are extensively
innervated by sensory nerves. Can detect changes
in their environment and convey information to the
nervous system.
Produce specialized secretions
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Connective Tissue
examples include bone, fat and blood.
Found throughout the body but never
exposed to the outside environment.
Many are highly vascularized (lots of
blood vessels) and contain sensory
receptors that provide pain, pressure,
temp and other info.
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Examples of Connective Tissues
www.bio.miami.edu
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Connective Tissue con’t:
•
Functions of Connective Tissue
–
–
–
–
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Establishing a structural
framework for the body.
Transport fluids from one region
of the body to another.
Protect delicate organs.
Storing energy reserves.
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Classification--Connective Tissue:
Dense Connective
Tissue—many
types of cells
and interstitial
fibers in a syrupy
ground
substance.
•
Fibroblasts—
helps form
tendons and
ligaments
www.advancell.net
5/24/2017
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Classification--Connective Tissue:
Loose Connective Tissues
•
Blood—blood cells and fragments of cells (formed
elements). The RBCs (erythrocytes) account for ½
volume of blood—job is to carry oxygen to cells of
body.
www.fi.edu
www.fi.edu
www.fi.edu
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Classification--Connective Tissue:
•
Areolar tissue—most
widely distributed
connective tissue,
cobwebby tissue that
cushions and protects.
www.lima.ohio-state.edu
oregonstate.edu
5/24/2017
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Classification--Connective Tissue:
medinfo.ufl.edu
Adipose tissue
(fat)—areolar
tissue with
lots of fat
cells.
www.unm.edu
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Classification--Connective Tissue:
Reticular tissue—found in
lymph
home.mc.ntu.edu.tw
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Classification--Connective Tissue:
Supporting Connective Tissue
•
•
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Cartilage—avascular—all nutrients/waste
products must go through cartilage via
diffusion.
Blood vessels don’t grow here due to
antiangiogenesis factor (chemical that
discourages the growth of bv). This
antiangiogenesis factor is being studied for
use in cancer treatment.
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Types of Cartilage
Hyaline—tough but
somewhat flexible. egs.
Ribs/sternum, nasal
cartilage, knee and
elbows.
www.hoinews.com
www.allaboutarthritis.com
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Types of Cartilage
Elastic—extremely
resilient and flexible.
egs. External flap of
ear, auditory tube,
epiglottis.
www.humpath.com
www.webster.edu
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Types of Cartilage
Fibrocartilage—extremely tough
and durable. egs. Cartilage
between the vertebrae,
www.spinesource.com
between pubic bones
www.answers.com
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Supporting Connective Tissue con’t:
Bone—much
tougher/stronger
than cartilage. We
will discuss this in
great detail in the
Skeletal System
unit.
bibleocean.com
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Muscular Tissue
Muscle Tissue
(function of)—
coordinate
movement of the
body and its
parts.
www.uta.edu
Skeletal muscle—voluntary
Cardiac muscle—found in heart
Smooth muscle—involuntary—found in
digestive system and other involuntary actions
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Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue
(function of)—
specializes in
communication
between the
various parts of
the body and
integration of its
activities.
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oregonstate.edu
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