Download Course Introduction - D'Youville College

Course Introduction
Functional Anatomy
OT 319/519
Anatomical Position
• Body erect, feet slightly
apart, palms forward, and
thumbs pointed laterally.
• Regardless of the position
of the body you are
describing, terms of
reference describe the
body as though it were in
anatomical position.
• Right and Left always
refer to the patient /
cadaver, not the side of the
observer
Planes of Orientation
• Sagittal (divides into
left & right)
• Frontal / Coronal
(divides into anterior
& posterior)
• Transverse / Axial
(divides into superior
& inferior)
• Oblique
Terms of Orientation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Superior (Cephalad) / Inferior (Caudal)
Lateral / Medial
Superficial / Deep
Proximal / Distal
Anterior / Posterior
Ventral / Dorsal
Ipsilateral / Contralateral
Prone / Supine
Brain Orientation
Dorsal
Anterior
Posterior
Ventral
Multifidus vs. Splenius
Contralateral rotation
Ipsilateral rotation
Terms to Avoid
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Above
Below
Over
Under
On top of
In front of
Behind
Terms of Movement
• Flexion / Extension
• Abduction / Adduction
• Internal (Medial) Rotation / External
(Lateral) Rotation (extremities)
• Pronation / Supination (forearm)
• Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion (Talocrural
joint)
2 Common Descriptive Terms
• Varus: bent or twisted inward toward the
midline of the body.
• Valgus: bent or twisted outward or away
from the body.
• In clinical practice these terms are used to
describe the distal portion of the distal
bone.
Varus or Valgus?
Varus or Valgus?
Varus or Valgus?
Veins, Arteries & Nerves
• Veins are vessels that carry blood toward the
heart.
– We talk about veins as having tributaries.
• Arteries are vessels that carry blood away from
the heart.
– We talk about arteries as having branches.
• Nerves can be differentiated from the arteries by
their flat shape and the acute angles that their
branches make.
Nerves
• You have 31 pairs of spinal nerves that emerge
from the spinal cord (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5
lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal).
• Each of these is named according to the order
(from superior to inferior) and the region in which
they emerge. (Ex. C5, L1, S3) We will refer to
these as spinal levels.
• Each named peripheral nerve in the body comes
from one or more spinal levels. (Ex.
Thoracodorsal nerve comes from spinal levels C6,
C7, C8)
More About Nerves
• Some nerves are associated with motor function,
while others are associated with sensory function
and the remainder are mixed (motor and sensory).
• When a nerve is described as an afferent, that
means it is carrying information to the central
nervous system, thus it is a sensory nerve.
• When a nerve is described as an efferent, that
means it is carrying information away from the
central nervous system, thus it is a motor nerve.
Roots, Rami, & Spinal Nerves
• Peripheral nerves initially emerge from the
spinal cord as ventral and dorsal roots.
• By the time the neurons travel through the
IV foramen, they have combined to form a
spinal nerve.
• This nerve then splits into a larger ventral
and smaller dorsal ramus.
Roots vs. Rami
Dorsal roots
• Spinal nerve roots emerge
directly from the cord.
• The roots that emerge
anteriorly carry motor
commands (efferents) out
to the PNS.
• The roots that emerge
posteriorly carry sensory
information (afferents) in
to the CNS.
Ventral
roots
Roots vs. Rami
• When the roots join they
become a spinal nerve.
• As you look lateral to that,
you will see that the spinal
nerve has some branches,
these are the ventral and
dorsal rami (ramus).
• In the rami, there are both
sensory and motor fibers.
Dorsal
Ramus
Ventral
Ramus
The fibers in the
circle are associated
with the sympathetic
nervous system.
Dermatomes
• For every spinal nerve there is a dermatome.
• A dermatome is an area of sensation on the body.
• Dermatomes are named for the spinal nerve that
provides sensation in that area.
• For example, T10 dermatome is from spinal nerve
T10. It provides sensation in the area around the
trunk at the level of the navel.
Dermatomes
• Some dermatome
landmarks to remember:
• C5: lateral shoulder
• C6: Thumb
• C7: Digit 3
• C8: Digit 5
• T4: nipples
• T10: navel
• L3: medial knee
• L5: lateral knee
• S1: lateral foot
Palpation
• Regardless of your program discipline (OT, PT,
PA, CHR) you will be performing some degree of
patient evaluation and the more comfortable you
are performing an evaluation, the easier it will be
on the patient.
• Palpation of a patient is often a component of your
evaluation.
Palpation Applications
• Vasomotor changes that would change the
temperature of the skin.
• Localize sites of specific swelling.
• Identify specific anatomic structures and
their relationship to one another.
• Identify points of tenderness.
• Evaluate circulatory status by checking
pulses.
Lab Practicals
• All student and instructor cadavers will be used as
well as some models and demonstration
specimens.
• Radiographs: We are usually asking questions
about either bony features or muscle attachments.
• Palpations: There will be 6-10 index cards face
down on the table and you will draw one. Written
on the other side is either a bony feature or muscle
which you will have to find on a teaching
assistant.
Lab Practicals
• Cross-Sections: These questions concern
the model that is cut into various segments
in the transverse plane .
• Bonus question: There will be one for each
exam, so you can go ahead and allow
yourself ONE mistake.
Testing Content (What you are
expected to know)
• Muscle attachments
• Muscle actions
• Muscle Innervation (Name of the peripheral
nerve)
• Spinal levels of the relevant nerves
• Artery names and their sources
• Vein names
• Ligaments / Specialized Cartilage
Waste Baskets
• You will notice two kinds of waste baskets
in the lab, gray cans with lids and tan open
cans.
• The gray cans are to be used exclusively for
human tissue. That means no gloves, paper
towels, cups, etc.
• The tan cans are used for all other waste
that is not considered sharp.
Superficial & Deep Back
Functional Anatomy
OT 319 / 519