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Transcript
The Dawn Of Theatre Audiences • There audiences were to be just the middle class people except if you were performing for the king then it was considered high class Dawn of theatre {ancient theatre} • The dawn of theatre is divided into three > The Primitive People > The Egyptian Theatre > The Hebrew Theatre The primitive period had No definite theatre or auditorium. This era was filled with lots of shamanism, rituals, dances and a lot of fireside storytelling and they had a SHAMAN who served as a representative of their god. Their dances are done to express the rhythm of life and to pacify the spirits in which they believed. The Egyptian theatre • Theatre was set to have started between 20003000 B.C. • Plays were sometimes written in HIEROGLYPHICS, and the plays were said to have been inspired by the plays on the pyramid walls. However, many were simply ceremonies past from generation to generation such as rites of passage, war dances, etc. • Plays were often written for important events such as coronations, so basically the audience was the whole community. The earliest form of dramatic production comes from the river Nile, made for IKHERNOFRET. • First recorded play “Passion” around 2000 B.C. Hebrew theatre • The Hebrew theatre can be linked to: >The old Testament >The book of JOB >The songs of Solomon One of the modern plays was written by Archibald MacLeish based on the Book of Job. During this period the bible serves as a raw material for actions and characters. The Hebrew theatre are closely linked with Jewish national renaissance movement of the twentieth century. Greek and Roman Theater Roman is better!!!! Greek • History – Ancient Greek civilization flourished during the 8th to 6th centuries BC to 146 BC. – Alexander the Great was one of last rulers of Greek until it was taken control by the Romans after his deaths. – Many problems raised like who gets the power of the empire which made Greek Empire corrupted. – Many celebrations were thrown for Dionysus, the patron God of the Arts. Famous Plays • AESCHYLUS -The Persians (472 BC) • Euripides- Rhesus, Medea, Herecles, Alcestis (450 BC) • Sophocles-Ajax, Oedipus, Antigone (440 BC) • Aristophanes-The Frogs,The Birds (414 BC) • Actors were the play writers. Thespis • Thespis was the first man to win a documented competition in theatre. • All Actors, or “Thespians”, are named after him Theaters • Proscenium Stage • The plan of Greek theater has three major parts: the Orchestra, the Scene and the main theatre, called Koilon. • The Greek theaters were performed with many types of plays like comedy, satiric drama, and tragedy. Audience/Theme • The audience of the Greek times were very respectful to the actors and writers at the time. • In Greek Theater, the main themes were comedy and tragedy. Many plays had the Greek gods in the story. Costuming • In Greek Theater, the costume was a very important factor of the production, because they could determine the characters by gender or class. For example the color of a chiton would determine rank. • Actors started to use masks so it can create a effect of personality. Few believe that the mask added resonance to the voice of an actor so that everyone in the huge ancient theater could hear him. It was also used to express emotion. Roman • History – After the fall of the Greek empire through 396264BC, the Roman Empire took full control. – The Roman empire was split into two. The West Roman and East Roman. – The Western Roman fell very easily while the Eastern Roman flourished. Famous Plays • Plautus-comedies – Rudens – Persa – Cansina – Braggart Warrior – The Casket and Pot of Gold • Terence-comedies – The Brother – The Mother-In-Law – Self-Tormentor – Most of the plays Found in Rome were copied or Stolen from the Greeks. Famous Plays Con’t • Seneca-tragedies -The Trojan Women -Medea -Oedipus -Phaedra -Hercules on Oeta Theaters • Mainly Proscenium stages and also arena stages as well. Many participants in the arena Coliseum were mainly criminals • The Theaters and stages were very similar to the Greek theater. • The main difference was the theaters started to be for Roman. • mainly entertainment Mainly men performed in most theatrical shows, but women could perform in pantomime shows. The most famous actor was Robert Gallus, Quintus who eventually had his face put on the currency coins for his achievements in acting • Music was involved in these plays. Many of the music were played on wind instruments. (Pipes, cornus, flutes, etc.) Costuming • Masks were used to show expressions and emotions to the audience. • High silk cloths (Toga) were worn which were very expensive at their time. • Greeks wore chitons • While performing, Roman actors wore different colors on their robes to represent the role that actor was playing. Wearing a purple robe meant acting as a young man. Wearing a yellow robe meant acting as a young women. Wearing a yellow tassel meant acting as a god. Roman vs. Greek • The Romans where more interested in comedy plays and however many found tragedies to be boring and too depressing for the stage. • When comparing and contrasting ancient Roman theatre to that of Greek theatre it can easily be said that Roman theatre was less influenced by religion. Also, Roman theatre was more for aesthetic appeal. In Roman theatre, war was a more common thing to appear on stage as opposed to the Greek theatre where the plays were mimed and repetitive. • The Romans loved war and many of their plays involved violence. On the other hand, the Greeks focused on Comedies and Tragedies. Language • Most of the plays were written in Latin. Chinese, Japanese, and Hindu Chinese Theatre • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Goes back to 722 BC. They would have lavish festivals Actors were known as “children of the pear garden” There were 2,890 plays written during the Sung Dynasty Only males were allowed to perform They were called Shan Costumes were elaborate and filtered into the dramatic spectacle. They used few props to leave more room for dancing. A famous play was “The Fisherman’s Revenge.” One of the oldest forms of Chinese drama was Kunqu. It was performed at regular theater, birthday parties, harvest festivals, and deitie’s birthdays. In China, acting was requested as a life study. One of the elements they used to tell a story was an interpretative dance. The symbols that they used: 1.) White paper falling from an umbrella means snow. 2.)An actor carrying a flag means army. The language they performed in is the Chinese language. Japanese • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Started in the 12 and 13 century The expression “noh” meant talent The five types of plays were “god, fighting, wig, madwomen, final or demon.” Kyogen were performed between plays. In the Noh plays they used masks in the Kyogen Theatre they did not. It derived from religious ceremony, now used for entertainment and to keep the culture alive. Zeami was a famous playwright who wrote the famous play Matsukaze Performed mainly by men. Three main types; Kabuki, Noh, and Bunraku. The Kabuki Theatre was based on the Noh Theatre but they wanted to make it more real and shock the audience. Kabuki means the art of song and dance. Mostly done for entertainment, but also religious. Bunraku used puppets instead of actors. They used wooden puppets, most of them had three puppeteers. Chimkamatu Monzaemon wrote, “ Sonezaki Shinju.” Many plays played around with the idea of loyalty over personal feelings. The language they used to perform is the Japanese language. Costumes: As costumes they wore robes such as a Karaori, or a Surihaku. Men would wear something lika an Atsuita under a robe, normally a Kimono. Hindu • The Hindu theatre began 1500 B.C but real theatre did not emerge until the 5th century B.C. • Kalidasa was best known for Plays • Sanskrit drama and poetry were among the Gupta empire’s artistic achievements • The 8 main rasas were love, heroism, loathing, anger, laughter, terror, pity and wonder. • Hindu theatre was expressed by singing, dancing, and poetry • India and Hindu theatre is one of the few countries which can boast of an indigenous drama, unaffected by any foreign influence. • Sanskrit is a literary language used and understood only by aristocrats. • The green room is where actors change and relax before and after performances. Medieval Theatre History • 480 A.D.- 1300 A.D. • The middle ages sprang into being wholly influenced by the drama of the Greeks • Medieval theatre involved many church plays such as, Mystery plays, Miracle plays, and Morality plays • The medieval theatre mainly revolved around religion Plays • Morality plays would instruct man in what they should do. The great focus in these plays were death • Miracle plays widened its religious horizons and focused on religion outside the bible • Mystery plays were a joined effort by the community in which different guilds where assigned a portion of the Bible to act out Languages • The main language of medieval times were old English some other people spoke Latin, Hebrew, Aramaic, Old Occitan, Greek, Arabic, Cornish, and welsh. Playwriting • Clergy wrote the four-line playlets • Later the dialogue was expanded • As it became more elaborate, more playwrights were recruited • This opened the door for professional playwrights • Famous play wrights included Hrosvitha, Hildegard, The Wakefield Master ( his real name was unknown), John Bale, and Adam de la Halle Acting and Rehearsing • Rehearsals took place over months • Held between dawn and beginning of the work day • Actors were fined for lateness, not knowing lines or being drunk • Multiple playlets were rehearsed at the same time Actors • • • • • • Some received fees At first it was to reimburse the actors Late 1600’s began to see professional actors Very few women performed in medieval plays Only exceptions were for female Saints There were two reasons: male hierarchy and trained choir boys had better projection Staging • Were performed on fixed or movable stages • The fixed stage was usually against buildings on one side of town square, or in an amphitheatre • The movable stages were wagons • Usually broken into three parts from left to right Hell, Earth, and Heaven • Nothing was depicted in its entirety. Very little illusion of a real place. • All stage production was temporary and expected to be removed upon the completion of the performances. Street Pageants • When dignitaries would come to town they would set up stages all along the street • Clerks and children would then address them with songs and speeches • This provided a sense of civic pride The Audience • Spectators came from surrounding towns and countryside – all classes came • Posters were put up on city gates and invitations were sent out to neighboring towns • A trumpeter rode through town announcing the events • Work was forbidden during performance time • Most were free, however in some of Europe there was a fee Costumes and Props • Two types of garments: ecclesiastical robes and everyday clothes • Accessories such as wings were added • Props were used to identify characters i.e. sword, mirror, snakes etc..) • Heaven reps dressed to awe • Hell reps dressed to scare • Common humans dressed according to rank • Great detail went into designing the devil • Musical instruments included, the celtic harp, lute, and the rebec. Festival Theatre • • • • The church still had to approve Between 1350-1500 Medieval theatre flourished Clergy began to reduce its participation Towns began to finance and produce the festivals • Producers oversaw everything, they got choirs, nobles loaned costumes, meals were prepared and lodging was provided. Laborers built the staging. Basically the whole community helped Background • After the fall of Rome, and before the renaissance, the time is called Middle Ages. • A very active time as cathedrals were built, the crusades occurred, and kingdoms were divided and conquered • The foundations for modern languages were laid during this time Background continued • The Church was extremely opposed to any other type of theatre due to the mimes. They still did exist though. • The Church developed its own dramatic ceremonies to combat the appeal of pagan rights • Pagans believed in multiple gods. (i.e.. The Ancient Greeks) The York Cycle • Actors would get in costume and hop on wagons • Crowds were gather in the streets to watch them pass • The wagons would often have two levels to portray heaven and hell MEDIEVAL THEATER The middle ages was considered as the Dark Age for the lost in the arts or trading of ideas. There are 3 types of medieval plays morality, miracle, mystery plays. All of the plays consisted of spiritual enactments. HEAVEN AND HELL WERE IN ALL PLAYS AND EVERY PLAY!!!!!!! Medieval Theatre: Costuming/Stages Hair was always covered Garments were worn tight to give skinny yet elegant waist line. Plays were usually performed outside Plays were played in cycles and were also acted out on the courtyards of churches and also played on traveling pageant wagons. No women were allowed to be part of these religious reenactments. The Renaissance The Renaissance which is French for rebirth, took place from 1454 to the 1600s, and spread across several European countries. There were eight major countries that experienced the Renaissance. Due to many ideas and philosophies, the culture of the countries of France, Spain and Italy became more secularized. Theatre/Stages People began to use wings and canvas. The Italian began to use perspective with the illusion of depth, by angling scenery as well as theaters. Italy also began using the Chariot and Pole system to move scenery. Sebastino Serlio-Set guidelines for theatres and design by designing stages fir for three types of plays- tragedy, comedy, and dramatic. One of the most famous theater was the Teatro Farnese. It was the first theatre built with a permanent proscenium arch. Playwrights Many famous playwrights emerged during this time. These were some of the most famous; Moliere-French, Lope de Vega-Spanish, Lope de Rueda and Pierre Corneille. The main writers merged from Italian playwrights. Most other writers were inspired from Italian writers. Actor and actresses The most famous actors and actresses were the following: Moliere ( a middle class man), Madeline Bejart (a middle class woman), Lope de Rueda (a middle class man), and Shakespeare. Costumes Costumes at this time were extremely extravagant. They contained a lot of puffs, slashes, and frills. Mask worn in Commedia Dell’arte represented the character’s personality. Themes The themes of the plays were primarily love, comedy, and entertainment. Religious themes began to decline, in some of the European countries. Spanish Theatre’s main themes were adventure, romance, chivalry. Actually many Spanish plays were based on religion and that was the main theme of their plays. French plays used the Black death as a history theme Commedia Dell’arte It was a form of improvised comedy performed by professional actors who played the same characters every time. The comedy was conveyed through lazzi, or comedic interruptions in a play. There was no set script, but all the actors knew the plot, so entrances and exits were never missed. The actors made up the lines as they went along. Because of this, no 2 plays were the same. Moliere was the father of Commedia Dell’arte. There was seven men and three women that performed in Commedia Dell’arte. Italians biggest type of play It is known an “Comedy of the Masks” in English. Stock Characters Are the professional actors of Commedia Dell’arte. The name is due to the fact that they typically play the same character for their whole career. They were established characters such as young lovers, neighborhood busybodies, sneaky villains, witty servants, and overprotective fathers that are immediately recognizable by the audience. The characters were identified by the masks they wore. Gender Roles For the first time in Europe theaters, female actors began to emerge, though it was still uncommon. Audience Audiences during this time ranged from poor commoners to the wealthy elite, as well as men and women. The poor sat on the ground and wealthy sat up high in raised theatres. In flat theatres the wealthy sat up close and the poor sat in the back. Languages The plays of the Renaissance in France, Italy and Spain were performed in French, Spanish and Italian. Opera Is the form of theater in which the words of the script are sung. Ballets Ballets de cour- mix of dance and theatre. Most famous is “Ballet comique de la reine” the first ballet. 5 hours long centered around Greek goddess Circe, goddess of magic. Began in France. The first ballet was made in France. The Elizabethan & Restoration Era Elizabethan Theatre History: Elizabethan theatre started in 1558 and ended in 1603. This era was named after Queen Elizabeth; also referred to as the Golden Age. During this era, there was no freedom of thought or criticism of public affairs. Once Queen Elizabeth came into power, the arts flourished. Elizabethan Theatre cont. Famous Playwrights and Plays Shakespeare Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Robert Greene, David Garrick, Ben Jonson, and Christopher Marlowe were the famous playwrights during this period. Famous plays included: “Hamlet” “As you Like it” “The Tempest” “Doctor Faustus” “Macbeth” “Romeo and Juliet” Elizabethan Theatre cont. Famous theatres and stages: Hope Theatre Rose Theatre Swan Theatre Globe Theatre Bull Inn Theatre The plays were always performed outside in Inn Yards. Elizabethan Theatre cont. Audience: All classes watched theatre. The audience was very loud and boisterous. Especially the groundlings (poor people). Audience would express feelings about the plays by throwing things on the stage from flowers, which meant they liked it, to food, which means they didn’t like they play. Colored Flags were used to tell genre of the play red=history, white=comedy, black=tragedy Nobles paid 5 pennies for better, more comfortable seats The commoners called groundlings or stinkards would stand in the theatre pit paying 1 penny Elizabethan Theatre cont. Language: Plays during the Elizabethan period were spoken in Old English. EX: “Though shalt abide in thy ways of the Lord.” Elizabethan Theatre cont. Famous Actors/Actresses. No women were allowed to perform on stage, so the actors were always men. Actors were: Richard Burbage. Edward Alleyn. Christopher Beesten. Theophilus Bird William Shakespeare Elizabethan Theatre The theatre was a source of entertainment. Themes Included: Religion Social status The main religion of this time was Catholic. Elizabethan Theatre cont. Costuming: The clothing was very elaborate, the costumes consisted of: Wisk: Standing fan like collar. Copotain: Bell shaped hat. Hoop skirts. Balloon pants. The amount of clothing worn showed a person’s wealth. 19th Century Theatre 1801-1900 History The Civil War took place between 1861-1865. It closed down many theatres for the first year, and it also limited touring. But after the war, the theatre industry rapidly grew, especially in the north and west. It was also an era of invention and discovery which laid the groundwork for the technological advances. Also known as “The Victorian Age”, theatre at the time was influenced by such things as inequality towards women, slavery In Europe however, the birth of Romanticism had a great deal of impact in theatre. Originating in Germany, it spread throughout the rest of Europe. The invention of railroads, telegraph, telephone, improved on rapid transportation, and the invention of the light bulb. Famous Plays and Playwrights The two most famous playwrights were Henrik Ibsen and Anton Chekov. One famous play was A Doll’s House which was written by Henrik Ibsen. The Importance of Being Ernest- Oscar Wilde Miss Julie- August Strindberg Cyrano De Bergerac- Edmond Rostand (Also created romantic and comedic plays). Actors/Actresses There were male and female actors. Many of them came from came from theatrical families and backgrounds, and got their start in theatre as children. Famous actors where Joseph Jefferson, Coquelin Edwin Booth Famous actress was Sarah Bernhard Famous Theatres/Stages The most famous theatre was the Moscow Art Theatre, which was located in Moscow and was made as a location for naturalistic theatre The Ritz Theatre, The Moscow Arts Theatre, and the arrival of the cinema. The theatres of the time period where very special and well decorated. With the finest drapes and wall décor. The stage was a proscenium stage with seats in the front and sides. Audience The crowd during the first half of the century were unruly, loud and uncouth. By the end of the century though crowds became quieter, more genteel, and less prone to cause disruptions of the performance. To be in these theatres you had to be very well dressed and well mannered. Only the wealthiest sat on the sides or also called “box seats”. The rest sat on the bottom seats Costumes Women usually wore chemises , corsets, and petticoats underneath either a walking dress or a hoop skirt. Men usually wore formal pants with a white shirt, a vest, a coat, and a top hat. Themes Realism-Literary term that identifies an author’s attempt to portray characters, events, and setting in a realistic way. Naturalism – Literary movement which is the application of the scientific principles to literature. Romanticism -A movement in literature and the fine arts that stressed personal emotion, free play of the imagination, and freedom from rules of form. Comedy Minstrel Dramatic Language The plays were performed in: English Spanish French. English was modern, but slightly different. German Italian (Other European countries) th 20 Century Theatre 1900-1999 Evolution of Electricity Before the evolution of electricity candles were used for light Then came the “Floating oil wick lamp” but it was too inefficient because they would always flicker randomly and too expensive First Spot lamp was called the “Limelight”, created by Thomas Drummond. It was more natural looking and could use spot lights and control the lights. First theatre to use an electrical lighting system was the Savoy Theatre in London, England. Theatre of the Absurd 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Started in 1962 Five major playwrights of the Theatre of the Absurd are.. Eudene Lonesco Samuel Beckett Jean Genet Arthur Adamov Harold Pinter Movement produced some of the most exciting and original dramatic works of the 20th Century Themes Symbolism- The belief that art should aim to capture more absolute truths which could only be accessed by indirect methods. Expressionism- It started out in poetry and painting at the start of the century. Its typical trait is to present the world under an utterly subjective perspective, greatly distorting it to obtain an emotional effect and expressing personal moods and ideas in depth and clarity. Themes cont. Surrealism- Surrealist Theatre shows the hidden experience, moody tone and unorganized structure, sometimes bringing together an idea. Basically the ideas from a dream. Costumes Women's typical style was: flat bosom, unfitted waist, and belt placed at the hip. Modern day clothing. Men wore business suits, vest, jackets, and trousers. Famous designers of this time period were Ralph Lauren and Donna Karon. Plays and Playwrights Samuel Beckett Tennessee Williams Lillian Hellmann Samuel Beckett wrote the play Waiting for Godot. August Wilson, Sam Shepperd, Nail Simon, Landford Wilson, Paul Zindel, Pete Shaffer and Tom Stoppard. Broadway Broadway was one of the most important things of the 20th century! The two most famous Broadway shows were, Steamboat and Oklahoma! Two big Broadway show that made Disney big was Beauty and the Beast and the Lion King. Broadway was a wide range of movements and singing. WW2 During this time plays were used to entertain soldiers in camps. Most theaters were made of makeshift tents that 50 to 100 soldiers could fit in. Most times soldiers were the actors in these plays. Vietnam Vietnam was very important to theater because it mainly gave world renowned plays that hadn't been seen in some parts of the world. Plays from Vietnam that hadn't been seen by there world were seen by few soldiers Important Facts Epic Theatre was from 1920-1930. Because of WWI and WWII a lot of theatres had to close. The Great Strike started in 1926. Theatres before war mostly had a good and clean ending. The Epic Theatre was the most advanced type of theatre and introduced animation. Important Facts Continued… Theatres became more of an improvised stage because props and materials were hard to buy, it was also part of a theatre movement and to go against war. Theaters also closed in 1942 for inline cinemas that used recorded films rather than people History There are many events that happened during the 20th/21st century. The Holocaust was the mass murder of over a million Jews that started around 1941. On December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor was invaded by the Japanese. World War 1 and 2 were two very major wars during the 20th century. September 11, 2001 was the tragic attack of the twin towers located in New York City, There were many other events, like the invention of the airplane, the Persian Gulf War, The Cold War, The Great Depression and many more. Important Themes Many plays you see today reflect the events that have happened in the past 100 or so years. Like The Holocaust, WWII, and The Attack of Pearl Harbor. A lot of the plays you see also have themes that represent how life is today and has been during the last 100 years, like segregation, racism, and poverty. Important Facts Costuming- Costuming during this time period usually matched the plays theme. Per say if the play were over the Holocaust you would probably see German soldiers uniforms, dresses, and suits. It all depends on the time period of the play. Stages- The most common stage type you see today is the proscenium stage. A couple other types are the arena, ex. Houston Arena Theatre, and the thrust. Famous Playwrights- The Lion King, The Diary of Anne Frank, Peter Pan, High School Musical, The Nutcracker, and Hamlet are a few of the famous playwrights being performed today. Actors/Actress's- Burny Mattison, Ice Cube, Tom Sito, Noni White, Megan Fox, Vanessa Hudgens, Denzel Washington, Will Smith,Johnny Depp, Phylicia Rahshad, Tom Hanks, Matt Damon, Tom Cruise, Angelina Jolie. Language- English and others depending on where the plays are preformed. Important Facts Audience- Everyone of all classes attended the theatre. Economy- Since the economy is bad it caused some people not to want to attend theatre. But lately there has been a pick up in the number of people attending the theatre. Movies- A trend that started to occur during this time period has been turning musicals and plays into blockbuster movies and vise versa. (ex. Shrek, Lion King, Hairspray, Rent, Raisin in the sun, and the color purple) Black Theatre Black Broadway picked up around the 1960’s. And has continued to progress even in today’s world. It started off politically and as time progressed it became more for entertainment. The raisin in the sun A raisin in the sun was the first black play written by an African American woman Lorraine Hansberry to be produced on Broadway, It premiered in 1959. In February 2008 it was on television on ABC, with Sean Diddy combs,Audra McDonald,phylicia Rashad,and Sanaa Lathan. “The raisin in the sun” the story of a family living and struggling on Chicago's South Side in the 1950s. It is a fiercely moving portrait of people whose hopes and dreams are constantly deferred. The Washington Post hails it as “one of a handful of great American plays – it belongs in the inner circle, along with Death of a Salesman, Long Day's Journey Into Night and The Glass Menagerie.” The world train center When they debuted in 1973, the two glistening 110-story towers of New York City's World Trade Center (WTC), 1,362 and 1,368 ft high, were more than 100 ft taller than the city's other world height record holder—the Empire State Building. Their size was the subject of a joke during the press conference to unveil the landmarks. WTC architect Minoru Yamasaki was asked: "Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?" His tongue-in-cheek answer: "I didn't want to lose the human scale. The World Trade Center Twin Towers collapsed after 2 planes crashed against them on September 11th, 2001, during a terrorist attack that caused the deaths of more than 5000 people. In 2006 the world trade center became a movie with Nicholas cage