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Eradicating Hunger and Poverty: Supporting communities for rural development, food security and land reform Presentation by Dr Lindiwe M. Sibanda, FANRPAN CEO The 2011 Consultative Seminar of the South African Legislatures 16 March 2011, Cape Town www.fanrpan.org Levers-for Achieving MDG1 1. From Hunger to Food and Nutrition Security 2. From Poverty to Viable Livelihoods 3. Local livelihood assets databases 4. Evidence based development targets 5. People-led, verifiable development initiatives: from Local to the Regional & Global Policy Agenda www.fanrpan.org From Hunger to food security? • The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life” • Food security is built on three pillars: – Food availability: sufficient quantities of food available on a consistent basis. – Food access: having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. – Food use: appropriate use based on knowledge of basic nutrition and care, as well as adequate water and sanitation. www.fanrpan.org Food security and Poverty- South Africa • Some 40-50% of South Africans are living in poverty – 18 million out of 45 million people remain vulnerable and food insecure • Poverty more pervasive in rural areas, particularly in the former homelands. – 65 percent of the poor are found in rural areas – 78 percent of those likely to be chronically poor are also in rural areas How can agriculture’s role in poverty alleviation be enhanced? www.fanrpan.org Global Challenge • Challenge of feeding extra mouths because of: – Growing population – High food prices – High unemployment rate @ rural areas where majority are living (70%) – diminishing yields due to – Market failure In rural development literature: • Agriculture is considered as the best vehicle to reduce rural poverty •Agriculture and agriculture-related activities provide (and have potential to provide) most of the employment in rural areas. The threat of climate health, etc change and its impact on agriculture; water; energy; www.fanrpan.org What Needs To Be Done Now • Investing in People – Support actions in the area of human and social development • specifically via training and education • Knowledge sharing platforms • Infrastructure – Improving access to basic infrastructure essential for economic growth and development • Basic Infrastructure such as housing, roads, electrical reticulation and communications, essential pillars for economic growth. • Services – Enhancing agricultural productivity, competitiveness, and rural growth – Improving access to assets and sustainable natural resource use – Strengthening institutions for the poor and promoting diversified rural livelihood www.fanrpan.org From Local to Global www.fanrpan.org From Local to Global COMMON VISION - Sustainable Development for a World free of Hunger and Poverty 1.Facilitating linkages and partnerships between state and non state actors at all levels 2.Building the capacity for policy analysis and policy dialogue in Africa 3.Advocating for evidence based policies www.fanrpan.org What Needs To Be Done? Common Vision A food secure Africa free from hunger and poverty Purpose: Promote appropriate policies in order to reduce poverty, increase food security and enhance sustainable agricultural and natural resources development in Africa WHAT – Facilitate linkages and partnerships between government and civil society – Build the capacity for policy analysis and policy dialogue – Create capacity to demand evidence for policy development – Promote evidence based policy development in the Food Natural Resources sector Agriculture and www.fanrpan.org From Local to Global Global Policy Making and Investment Options Continental Policy Frameworks National/Countries Policy Frameworks Empirical Learning Anecdotal Findings Feedback (Local and Indigenous Knowledge) www.fanrpan.org Linking Local to Global Model Global Knowledge National & Regional Policy Frameworks Trans-Disciplinary Research Policy Development Agri. Production Databases Climate Data GIS Mapping Policy Dialogue Scaling Up Scaling Down Global Level Policy Frameworks OF assets Community Livelihood Databases 1.Human, 2.Social,3. Natural, 4.Financial, 5.Physical, HOUSEHOLD Livelihood Assets www.fanrpan.org Responses: Mobilising all Institutions to Fight Poverty Local-household •Meso level- Ward and Municipality •National-Legislative Sector •Regional – SADC, AU- NEPAD •Global – G20, BRIC-SA, World Economic Forum, UNFCCC / FAO / UN www.fanrpan.org Understanding the Local Context YOU CAN’T IMPROVE WHAT YOU DON’T MEASURE! www.fanrpan.org Which Communities? • Over 75% of the African population lives in RURAL areas • 80 % of farmers in Africa are smallholder farmers – rely on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods – Women constitute 70% of the labour force • Spend up to 80 % of income on food • Land is a constraint 80% depend on farms that are less than 2 hectares www.fanrpan.org Face of Rural Poverty In Africa • A quarter of the world’s chronically poor population is in Sub-Saharan Africa, • One in 6 – 7 people are chronically poor. • Two-thirds of this population lives in rural areas, and rely on rain-fed subsistence agriculture for their livelihood www.fanrpan.org FACE of an African Small-scale Farmer ● Land Owned - 1 ha ● Main Crops - Staples ● Yields - Maize 100kg/ha ● Fertilizer used - 20% of recommended ● Agricultural implements owned - hand hoe www.fanrpan.org Measuring Household Vulnerability Measure the vulnerability of households and communities to the impact of shocks: – Natural assets such as land, soil and water; – Physical assets such as livestock and equipment; – Financial assets such as savings, salaries, remittances or pensions; – Human capital assets such as productive labour, education, gender composition and dependents; and – Social assets such as information, community support, extended families and formal or informal social welfare support http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00217/ www.fanrpan.org Building the Livelihood Databases Who Level Role Household Local • • Local youths/community workers Interview hh Document Livelihood strategies Map livelihood assets Community Local Schools • • • • inform research and development agenda Planning for development, Governance and administration, Regulation, Monitor Service delivery Identify Development beneficiaries Ward/Municipality Provincial • Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS) • overall framework and plan for developing the economy and improving services. Provincial Universities Legislature • • Prepares a budget for its work Implement the laws and policies decided on by Parliament or the Cabinet Parliament National • • • Policy making, Legislation and the regulation Allocation of resources SADC and NEPAD Regional G8 / G20/Bric-SA WEF / UNFCCC / FAO / UN Global www.fanrpan.org Who Should Do What, Where? From Local to Global Who Level Role Household/ Community Local • Document Livelihood strategies different assets; must inform research and development agenda • Development beneficiaries Municipality Local • • • • Legislature Provincial • Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS) • overall framework and plan for developing the economy and improving services. Ministries/ Department National • Prepares a budget for its work • Implement the laws and policies decided on by Parliament or the Cabinet Planning for development, Governance and administration, Regulation, Service delivery www.fanrpan.org Results from HVI Assessments in Pilot Countries year 2010 Country No. households surveyed of Household vulnerability levels (%) Low Moderate High Lesotho 2,581 1.3 94.5 4.1 Swaziland 3,212 1.2 93.9 4.9 Zimbabwe 6,089 8.2 90.6 1.2 3.6 93.0 3.4 Average www.fanrpan.org Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Human Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability Headed by an economically active household member Headed by an economically active household member Headed by an economically inactive person, e.g. elderly, sick or child Very low dependency ratio (less sick members and no orphans) Dependency ratio is low, less sick members and no orphans Dependency ratio is high, more orphans and sick members Several economically active members At least two economically active members Economically active members are few Tertiary level education Secondary school level education Illiterate, or educated to primary level www.fanrpan.org Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Natural Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability Mostly rely on inorganic fertilizer Household use both inorganic and organic fertilizers Organic fertilizers are the main sources of fertilizers Medium agriculture activity Low agriculture productivity High agriculture productivity Utilize land for mostly commercial farming Manages the environment very well Utilize less land for Utilize much land for subsistence farming subsistence and some for commercial farming They cannot manage They can fairly manage the environment well the environment www.fanrpan.org Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Social Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability No support from NGOs and govt Some means of support from NGOs and govt Support from NGO’s and govt - food and health More knowledgeable on Well-informed on agric and HIV/AIDS - Owns a TV agric and HIV/AIDS - Owns a radio and radio Poor access to information on agric and HIV/AIDS House electrified Uses solar energy for lighting Uses an improved latrine or Dependant on firewood for household energy Uses a pit latrine Uses the bush for toilet Water from private borehole or standpipe Water from protected source Water from unprotected source, e.g. dam, river www.fanrpan.org Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Physical Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability Own important livestock in large numbers Own important livestock in sustainable numbers Own very little or no livestock Contracted labour for farm and off farm work Labour for farm and off farm work No labour for farm and off farm work Own major farm implements Owns basic farm implements Do not own farm implements Receive and able to buy agricultural advisory services Receive some agricultural extension services Affords more than three meals per day At least three meals per day Do not regularly eat three times a day www.fanrpan.org Typology Of Vulnerable Households Capital Financial Low vulnerability Moderate vulnerability High vulnerability Diversified income source Fairly diversified income source No basic source of income Income is used on a balance of needs (farming inputs, education, health, recreation etc), investments and savings Income is used on a balance of needs (farming inputs, education, health, recreation etc) Social grant is used on food and medicines www.fanrpan.org Generate Evidence • Avail knowledge for people to benchmark themselves and create a personal and community vision • Generate and disseminate evidence to inform policy processes, decision making and investment www.fanrpan.org Using Local evidence to Develop Policies and Investment Plans www.fanrpan.org The Policy Environment: A Confused Arena Cabinet Donors Policy Formulation Agenda Setting Parliament Decision Making Civil Society Monitoring and Evaluation Government Policy Implementation Private Sector Source: John Young, Networking for impact. Experience from CTA supported regional agricultural policy networks, 2007 www.fanrpan.org The Policy Environment: The Key Players Who is the Referee? Department of Water Affairs Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Department of Energy Department of Tourism Department of Trade & Industry Climate Change Department of Mineral Resources Department of Rural Development & Land Reform Department of Transport Department of Science & Technology Department of Environmental Affairs www.fanrpan.org The Policy Environment: The Key Players RESEARCH SYSTEM ACTORS •Research Public (universities and research centre) Private Civil Society Policy makers POLICY SYSTEM ACTORS • politicians & political system •Civil servants •Universities •Civil societies and groups LINKING ENVIRONMENT ACTORS •Education, Institutions, •Incentives, Innovation policy, •Political systems and channel •Stakeholder platforms PRACTICE SYSTEM ACTORS •Producers of goods and services •Input providers •Organized groups of interest Fig 1: A framework for linking research, policy and practice www.fanrpan.org The Policy Environment: Challenges in Policy Development • Plethora of actors – African policy environment is crowded, and involvement demands flexibility and responsiveness • Lack of empirical data to validate assumptions – Reliance on external information & databases • Insufficient resources for continuous engagement • Engagement in policy processes is the preserve of the literate…YET – Africa has some of the world’s lowest literacy levels in some countries rates as low as 40 % www.fanrpan.org The Research Challenges • Lack of multi-and trans-disciplinary and research teams • Local Universities do not accompany development agenda • Research agenda not ALIGNED to community needs – policy concerns and government agenda • Lack capacities to communicate research results to policymakers • Policy makers not demanding research backed evidence www.fanrpan.org The Policy Challenges • Lack of capacities to integrate knowledge into policy • Absence of foresighted policy targeted at the existing problems using research result • Weak demand for research input by African policymakers – Over reliance on external knowledge at the expense of local knowledge www.fanrpan.org Innovations in Linking Local to Global www.fanrpan.org Moving Forward Households and communities Agricultur Natural Social Institutal Resource Protectio Food ional Products& n& Systems ivity & Environ- Livelihoo Strengthening Markets ment ds Evidence Based policies www.fanrpan.org What To Do? Food Systems •Domestication of CAADP in the SADC region (4 out 15 SADC countries signed compacts compared to all 15 in ECOWAS) •National domestication of regional seed security policy for improved food security of smallholder farmers in the SADC region through increased availability of and access to seed Agricultural Productivity & Markets • Bringing women farmer issues into national and regional policy debates through Theatre for Policy Action Natural Resources & Environment •Strengthening institutional capacity for linking climate change adaptation to sustainable agriculture •Assessing the vulnerability of agriculture to climate change www.fanrpan.org What To Do? (continued) Social protection and livelihoods Generate information databases on vulnerability of household assets (human, social networks, financial, natural and physical) to inform development policy and practice (programme design, targeting, monitoring, evaluation) Institutional strengthening Building the capacity for policy analysis and policy dialogue •Create capacity to demand evidence for policy development •Empower institutions with research backed evidence: household, community, ward, municipal, provincial, national, regional, global www.fanrpan.org Africa’s Oral Culture • ORAL CULTURE has been used for 1000’s of years to – pass on knowledge across generations without a writing system • An important role in Africa's history – stories of the old times and the history of the continent preserved this way • Encompassed stories, songs and folklore – sometimes performed to give a richer and more expressive way of communication www.fanrpan.org Theatre for Policy Advocacy • Theatre makes use of Africa’s traditional ORAL CULTURE: Song, dance, narrative and ceremonial rituals a part of African tradition Defines a community’s identity • Theatre is a powerful medium for communicating ideas Levels the field, Breaks barriers and Addresses topics that are deemed “taboo” • The TPA process Is developed and refined by various development agents, researchers, social scientists and theatre specialists Stimulates dialogue and action - a theatrical performance is a major social event in rural Africa Provides a holistic enactment of the community's responses to the challenges of daily existence and development Works through community based processes www.fanrpan.org The Theatre for Policy Advocacy Process Community entry and mobilization 1 • • Secure the community’s buy-in for developing their own theatrical performance Identification of appropriate performers, stakeholders and influencers Engagement of policy researchers and development experts 2 • • Theatre company, policy researchers and communities develop a script capturing key issues Policy makers provide “expert” at the same time they gain community knowledge that only villagers and farmers have Building local capacity to communicate key messages through theatre 3 • Community performers equipped with skills to package their own livelihoods stories and mobilize their own communities towards a solution www.fanrpan.org The Theatre for Policy Advocacy Process Community dialogue platform • 4 • • Theatre performance provides a platform for researchers and policy makers to engage in dialogue with different community groups Performances serves as an icebreaker and sensitizer Facilitated discussions are conducted to develop community based and community supported solutions to women’s challenges Identification of champions for community issues 5 • • • Communities together with the professional theatre team identifies opinion leaders The identified champions are individuals who are passionate about the issue and willing to advocate on specific interventions Community Voices taken to National & Global levels 6 • • • Trained local talent and issue champions become a permanent community voice They access and incorporate broader policy data to add weight to their advocacy messages They communicate their needs in a language that makes sense to relevant decision makers www.fanrpan.org Theatre in Action: Farmer Voices Malawi, Everlyn Machete asked: “we no longer have agricultural extension service workers in our communities and visiting us everyday, so how do you expect small holder farmers like us to learn new farming technologies or to learn how to improve our agricultural enterprises” In response, Mrs. Alice Kishombe, the Agriculture gender Roles and Extension Support Services Officer (AGRESSO) says the “Government has a shortage of Extension workers and hence no officers are assigned to villages. Extension services were provided on a demand basis”. www.fanrpan.org From Community to National Level • Innovative Strategies – Theatre for Policy Advocacy – Community dialogues – Support of oral culture and transcribe to written communication that is far reaching – Action research • Amplifying local voices – Widen decision making process – Training of women advocates • Success Stories – Document good practices- local secondary schools aided by tertiary institutions • Validating local knowledge – Tertiary Institutions-Local, colleges, Universities www.fanrpan.org Multi-Stakeholder Transboundary Engagements www.fanrpan.org Linking Policy Demand & Supply Policy Advice/Options/Evidence to support policy development Farmers Organisations Enabling policies – Production to Trade and Markets (Value Chain) Private Sector Enabling policies – Production to Trade and Markets (Value Chain) Researchers/Policy Analysts Technical Partners Validation, analysis and dissemination Development Partners POLICY HORMONISATION VALUE FOR $ Media Rallying point for news Youth Enabling environment for their active engagement in the value chain NGOs Enabling policies - advocacy SUPPLY Government/Policy Makers www.fanrpan.org Multi – Stakeholder Policy Dialogues NATIONAL LEVEL Ongoing Research Studies Emerging Issues and FANR Policies Tracking National Policy Dialogues (Periodic) REGIONAL LEVEL Policy Advisory Process • Coordination of multi-country studies • Synthesis of research evidence Into Agenda for Policy engagements Agenda for Policy Engagement • Networking, sharing of information, regional and global representation POLICY ADVISORY NOTES-TO GOVERNMENT (Node Host Institution submits, follows up and reports back at next stakeholder engagement Africa Region Representatives from: •Farmers’ Organisations • Governments • Private Sector • Researchers • Development Partners •Media •Youth •NGOs from all FANR Stakeholder Groups www.fanrpan.org Way Forward: The Building Blocks Seek out and scale up innovative solutions by – – – – incorporating communities’ aspirations into policy processes Document and validate successful interventions Train policy “champions” who can spread the word Train the Media in spreading the evidence Collaborate across disciplines – More collaboration in multi- and trans-disciplinary teams – Look for ways to work together, while not losing the advantages of deep sectoral expertise. www.fanrpan.org REGIONAL: Knowledge Dissemination Platforms • Information Dissemination to Strengthen Policy Advocacy – Multi-stakeholder Policy Dialogue platforms – i.e. CAADP round tables – Media Training on documenting best practices in the region – Training scientists in Policy Development and national priorities – Regional harmonization of policies-engagements with Regional Economic Communities SADC, African Union, sharing experiences www.fanrpan.org What Needs To Be Done Now? • Enable poor rural people to harness new opportunities-turn rural areas into places where profitable opportunities and innovation takes place by investing in rural enterprises • Reversal of ‘business as usual’ approach to economic and rural development- break disconnect between policies and practice www.fanrpan.org Levers for Scaling-up from Local To Global? www.fanrpan.org GLOBAL - Mobilising the Global Community to support Africa’s Position on Food Security and Poverty Reduction http://www.fanrpan.org/documents/d00623/ www.fanrpan.org Climate Smart Change Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Linking Climate Change Adaptation to Sustainable Agriculture •Integrate downscaled climate scenarios with crop growth and adaptation models, and household vulnerability information to build evidence on cropping systems to inform adaptation policies and investment decisions www.fanrpan.org What Needs To Be Done Now? • Strengthen collective capabilities of rural poorlocal level rural organisations to help manage collective assets, reduce risk • Strengthen multi-stakeholder engagementsGovernment, CSOs, Private, Farmers organisations • Strengthen South-South and North-South Cooperation- SADC, AU-NEPAD, G8 and G20, COP17-UNFCCC, World Economic Forum www.fanrpan.org Way Forward: The Building Blocks Create an environment in which cooperation can thrive by • Building effective regional and global partnerships • Developing mutual accountability mechanisms • Using communication and advocacy to promote change Build the evidence base • Collect relevant data in timely fashion, improve tools and methods, and invest in monitoring and evaluation. • Rope in African Universities to be custodians of knowledge and partners in development • Equip Communities with Evidence www.fanrpan.org Message for CoP17, Durban, South Africa www.fanrpan.org