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Roots and Affixes How words are created Today’s Warm-up • How do we figure out what a word means if we don’t know it? Learning Objective • Define affix, prefix, suffix, and root word • Analyze the use of root words and affixes • Analyze the use of Greek and Latin word roots to *determine the meaning of words. Vocabulary • English vocabulary include short words like the article a as well as longer word such as inextricably and denunciation. • Short word such as speak and solve are called base words • Base words cannot be reduced to smaller parts. • Other words can be added to them to produce longer words with various meanings. Word Parts • There are two kinds of word parts: roots and affixes. • A root is a word part that comes from another language, such as Greek or Latin. • An affix is a word part that can be attached to either a root or a base word to create a new word. Affixes • Affixes can be divided into two categories: prefixes (appear at the beginning of words) and suffixes (appear at the end of words). Common Prefixes Common Suffixes Bi- two -al adjectival suffix Anti- against -fy verb suffix Inter- between -ic adjectival suffix Pre- before -ion noun suffix Super- above -ism noun suffix Trans- across -ize verb suffix Dis- not -ous adjectival suffix APK Prefixes: un- undo re- refill pro- for, forward Suffixes: -ful joyful -ly sadly -ness kindness Prefixes are at the beginning of words. pre- means before fix means attach, repair Suffixes are at the end of words. So, “prefix” means “attached before.” A root is a set of letters that have meaning. It is the most basic form . Affixes are added to the root to create a new word. Example: The Latin root ject means “throw” So project can mean “to throw forward” • A root can be at the front, middle or end of a word. English words can have all three parts: prefix + root + suffix ab + duct + ed away from + to lead/pull + verb: past tense abducted means ”pulled or lead away from” i.e. The general was abducted by masked gunmen. Word Meaning geology earth study / study of the earth telegraph distance writing / writing that travels far tricycle three wheels asocial not being companionable / not wanting to join others Check it out Roots Affixes Latin Root: tang, meaning “touch” Prefix: in-, meaning “not” Greek Root: chrome, meaning “color” Suffix: -ible, meaning “able to” Apply • For example one could analyze the word intangible, using the chart shown previously. • First break the word into its parts: PREFIX ROOT SUFFIX ENGLISH WORD In- + tang + -ible = intangible Tang In-ible is a latin roots meaning “touch” is a prefix meaning “not” is a suffix meaning “able to” Meaning • The meaning of a word is related to the meaning of its word parts. • To unlock the meaning of an unfamiliar word, break the word down into its component parts; then think about the meaning of the word’s affixes and root. • Which one of the following shows a root with an affix? 1.bicycle How did you know? 2. hippopotamus Word Families • A group of English words may be derived from the same word part of root. Such a group is called a word family. • You can use this knowledge to help you determine the meaning of unknown words. • Try this out: Shared roots: solo, solitary, solitude Root: sol= ? Answer: Alone, can you think of other words in the family? • Solitare • Soloist • Based on your knowledge of the root and the meaning of other words in the same family, try to define the meaning of the above words. • Solitare- a card game played by one person • Soloist- one who performs alone root + suffix astrology biology astro = stars -logy = study of bio = life -logy = study of So it means: "the study of stars” So it means: “the study of life” prefix + root empathy enamor em- = having pathy = feeling en- = having amor = love So it means: “having feeling” What does enamor mean? The soldier had empathy for the prisoner. “having love” root + root pseudonym aqueduct pseudo = false nym = name aque = water duct = to lead/pull ”false name” What is an aqueduct used for? How do you know that? Samuel Clemens wrote under the pseudonym “Mark Twain.” Try one: Words: • Diminish • Diminutive • Minimum • What do these words have in common? • Which words do you know? • What do you think the meaning of the root is? Word Family Practice Questions: • Word family: ethnicity, ethnic, ethnographer Root: ethn Meaning: ▫ Ocean ▫ Nation ▫ Hesitation Word Family Practice Questions: • Word family: maniac, maniacal Root: mania Meaning: ▫ Education ▫ Sanitation ▫ Madness Word Family Practice Questions: • Word family: epidermis, dermatology Root: derm Meaning: ▫ Skin ▫ Body ▫ Mind Word Family Practice Questions: • Word Family: laboratory, labor Root: lab Meaning: ▫ Work ▫ Good ▫ Weak Let’s see what you know: • Divide and indivisible are members of the same word family. Which root so they share? A. –visB. -visibleC. -div• What is the meaning of this root? A. separate B. shrink C. junk • What is another member of the same word family? A. December B. dividend C. invisible