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Chapter 4 The Integumentary System and Body Membranes Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 0 Classifications of Body Membranes • Classifications of body membranes (F 4-1) Epithelial membranes— composed of epithelial tissues and an underlying layer of connective tissue Connective tissue membranes—composed largely of various types of connective tissue Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 1 Classifications of Body Membranes • Epithelial membranes Cutaneous membrane—the skin Serous membrane—simple squamous epithelium on a connective tissue basement membrane Types o o Parietal—lines walls of body cavities Visceral—covers organs found in body cavities Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 2 Classifications of Body Membranes Examples o o Pleura—parietal and visceral layers line walls of the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs Peritoneum—parietal and visceral layers line the walls of the abdominal cavity and cover the organs in that cavity Diseases o o Pleurisy—inflammation of the serous membranes that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs Peritonitis—inflammation of the serous membranes that line the walls of the abdominal cavity and cover the abdominal organs Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 3 Classifications of Body Membranes Mucous membranes Line body surfaces that open directly to the exterior Produce mucus, a thick secretion that keeps the membranes soft and moist (Cont’d…) Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 4 Classifications of Body Membranes • Connective tissue membranes Do not contain epithelial components Produce a lubricant called synovial fluid Examples are the synovial membranes in the spaces between joints and in the lining of bursal sacs Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 5 The Skin (F 4-2) • Structure—two primary layers called epidermis and dermis Epidermis Outermost and thinnest primary layer of skin Composed of several layers of stratified squamous epithelium Stratum germinativum—innermost layer of cells that continually reproduce, and new cells move toward the surface Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 6 The Skin As cells approach the surface, they are filled with a tough waterproof protein called keratin and eventually flake off Stratum corneum—outermost layer of keratinfilled cells Pigment-containing layer—epidermal layer that contains pigment cells called melanocytes, which produce the brown pigment melanin Blisters—caused by breakdown of union between cells or primary layers of skin Dermal—epidermal junction—specialized area between two primary skin layers Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 7 The Skin Dermis Deeper and thicker of the two primary skin layers and composed largely of connective tissue Upper area of dermis characterized by parallel rows of peglike dermal papillae Ridges and grooves in dermis form pattern unique to each individual o o Basis of fingerprinting Improves grip for tool use and walking Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 8 The Skin Deeper areas of dermis filled with network of tough collagenous and stretchable elastic fibers Number of elastic fibers decreases with age and contributes to wrinkle formation Dermis also contains nerve endings, muscle fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and many blood vessels Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 9 (F 4-2) Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 10 The Skin • Appendages of the skin Hair (F 4-4) Soft hair of fetus and newborn is called lanugo Hair growth requires epidermal tubelike structure called hair follicle Hair growth begins from hair papillae Hair foot lies hidden in follicle and visible part of hair called shaft Arrector pili—specialized smooth muscle that produces “goosebumps” and causes hair to stand straight up Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 11 The Skin Receptors (F 4-6) Specialized nerve endings—make it possible for skin to act as a sense organ Meissner’s corpuscle—capable of detecting light touch Pacinian corpuscle—capable of detecting pressure QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Slide 12 The Skin Nails (F 4-7) Produced by epidermal cells over terminal ends of fingers and toes Visible part is called nail body Root lies in a groove and is hidden by cuticle Crescent-shaped area nearest root is called lunula Nail bed may change color with change in blood flow Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 13 The Skin Skin glands Types o o Sweat or sudoriferous Sebaceous Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 14 The Skin Sweat or sebaceous glands o Types • • • • Eccrine sweat glands Most numerous, important, and widespread of the sweat glands Produce perspiration or sweat, which flows out through pores on skin surface Function throughout life and assist in body heat regulation Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 15 The Skin • Apocrine sweat glands Found primarily in axilla and around genitalia Secrete a thicker secretion quite different from eccrine perspiration Breakdown of secretion by skin bacteria produces odor Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 16 The Skin Sebaceous glands o o o o Secrete oil or sebum for hair and skin Level of secretion increases during adolescence Amount of secretion is regulated by sex hormones Sebum in sebaceous gland ducts may darken to form a blackhead Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 17 The Skin • Functions of the skin Protection—first line of defense: Against Against Against Against infection by microbes ultraviolet rays from the sun harmful chemicals cuts and tears Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 18 The Skin Temperature regulation Skin can release almost 3000 calories of body heat per day o Mechanisms of temperature regulation Regulation of sweat secretion • Regulation of flow of blood close to the body surface • Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 19 The Skin Sense organ activity Skin functions as an enormous sense organ Receptors serve as receivers for the body, keeping it informed of changes in its environment Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 20 The Skin • Burns (F 4-8) Treatment and recovery or survival depend on total area involved and severity or depth of burn Body surface area is estimated using the “rule of nines” in adults Body is divided into 11 areas of 9% each Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 21 The Skin Classification of burns First-degree (partialthickness) burns—only the surface layers of epidermis involved Second-degree (partialthickness) burns— involve the deep epidermal layers and always cause injury to the upper layers of the dermis Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 22 The Skin Third-degree (full-thickness) burns—characterized by complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis o o o May involve underlying muscle and bone Lesion is insensitive to pain because of destruction of nerve endings immediately after injury—intense pain is soon experienced Risk of infection is increased Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 23 QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Copyright © 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved. Slide 24