Download Document

CHAPTER 5
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
AND BODY MEMBRANES
RENITA K HOLMES MSN RN
KAPLAN UNIVERSITY
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Unit 3 Activities
• Reading: Chapter 5
• Discussion Questions
• Pre-Quiz
• Assignment
• Post-Quiz
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 2
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
This system is called the integumentary system.
• Integument is another name for the skin
• The skin itself is the principal organ of the
integumentary system.
• The skin is the largest organ in the body
• The skin is one of a group of anatomically simple
but functionally important sheet-like structures
called membranes.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 3
THE SKIN
Membranes
• Cover and protect the body surface
• Line body cavities
• Cover the inner surfaces of the hollow organs such
as the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory
passageways.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 4
THE SKIN
Membranes
• Some membranes anchor organs to each other or
to bones
• others cover the internal organs.
• In certain areas of the body, membranes secrete
lubricating fluids that reduce friction during organ
movements such as the beating of the heart or lung
expansion and contraction.
• Membrane lubricants also decrease friction
between bones in joints.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 5
CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES
• Classification of body membranes There are 2
main types of membranes
• Epithelial membranes—composed of
epithelial tissue and an underlying layer of
connective tissue
• Connective tissue membranes—composed
largely of various types of connective tissue
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 6
Types of body membranes. A, Epithelial membranes, including cutaneous membrane (skin),
serous membranes (parietal and visceral pleura and peritoneum), and mucous membranes.
B, Connective tissue membranes, including synovial membranes.
Slide 7
CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES
• Epithelial membranes
• Cutaneous membrane—the skin
• Serous membranes—simple squamous epithelium on
a connective tissue basement membrane
• Types
• Parietal—line walls of body cavities
• Visceral—cover organs found in body cavities
• Examples
• Pleura—parietal and visceral layers line walls of thoracic
cavity and cover the lungs
• Peritoneum—parietal and visceral layers line walls of
abdominal cavity and cover the organs in that cavity
• Diseases
• Pleurisy—inflammation of the serous membranes that line
the chest cavity and cover the lungs
• Peritonitis—inflammation of the serous membranes in the
abdominal cavity that line the walls and cover the
abdominal organs
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 8
SEROUS MEMBRANE
Line ventral body cavities (pleural,
peritoneum, pericardium);
transparent, thin, prevents friction
Serous Membrane
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 9
THE SKIN
The skin; covers the outer surface
of the body.
In contrast to serous or mucous
membranes, the cutaneous
membrane is thick, relatively
waterproof, and usually dry.
Cutaneous Membrane
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 10
CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES
• Epithelial membranes (cont.)
• Mucous membranes
• Line body surfaces that open directly to
the exterior
• Produce mucus, a thick secretion that
keeps the membranes soft and moist
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 11
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
Mucous membranes are coated
with the secretions of mucous
glands.
Mucous Membrane
They line most of the digestive and
respiratory tracts and portions of
the urinary and reproductive tracts.
Line passageways that
communicate with exterior
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 12
CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES
• Connective tissue membranes
• Do not contain epithelial components
• Produce a lubricant called synovial fluid
• Examples are the synovial membranes in the spaces
between joints and in the lining of bursal sacs
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 13
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Line join cavities (articulations) and
produces the synovial fluid within
the joint.
The synovial fluid lubricates the
cartilages in the joint, distributes
oxygen and nutrients, and cushions
shocks at the joint.
Synovial Membrane
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 14
THE SKIN
• Structure: two primary layers called epidermis
and dermis
• Epidermis
• Outermost and thinnest primary layer of skin
• Composed of several layers of stratified squamous
epithelium
• Stratum germinativum—innermost layer of cells
that continually reproduce; new cells move
toward the surface
• As cells approach the surface, they are filled with
a tough, waterproof protein called keratin;
eventually cells flake off of body
• Stratum corneum—outermost layer of keratin-filled
cells
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 15
THE SKIN
• Skin pigment—produced by deepest epidermal
layer; gives color to the skin
• The brown pigment melanin is produced by
specialized cells in deepest epidermal layer
• Blisters—caused by breakdown of union
between cells or primary layers of skin
Dermal-epidermal junction—specialized area
between two primary skin layers
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 16
Microscopic view of the skin. The epidermis, shown in longitudinal
section, is raised at one corner to reveal the ridges in the dermis.
Slide 17
THE SKIN
Dermis
• Deeper and thicker of the two primary
skin layers; composed largely of
connective tissue
• Upper papillary layer of dermis
characterized by parallel rows of tiny
bumps called dermal papillae
• Ridges and grooves in dermis form
pattern unique to each individual
• Basis of fingerprinting
• Improves grip for tool use and walking
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 18
THE SKIN
• Deeper reticular layer of dermis filled with
network of tough, interlacing, collagenous and
stretchable elastic fibers
• Number of elastic fibers decreases with age
and contributes to wrinkle formation
• Dermis also contains nerve endings, muscle
fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous
glands, and many blood vessels
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 19
THE SKIN
Accessory structures of the skin
Hair
Lanugo
soft hair of fetus and newborn
Hair follicle
epidermal tubelike structure
required for hair growth
Hair papilla
structure from which hair growth
begins
Hair root
lies hidden in follicle
Hair shaft
visible part of hair
Arrector pili
specialized smooth muscle that
produces “goose bumps” and
causes hair to stand up straight
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 20
Hair follicle. Relationship of a hair follicle and related
structures to the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin.
Slide 21
THE SKIN
• Accessory structures of the skin (cont.)
• Receptors (Figure 5-2)
• Specialized nerve endings—make it possible for
skin to act as a sense organ
• Meissner’s corpuscle—capable of detecting light
touch
• Pacinian corpuscle—capable of detecting
pressure
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 22
Slide 23
THE SKIN
• Accessory structures of the skin (cont.)
• Nails (Figure 5-6)
• Produced by epidermal cells over terminal ends of
fingers and toes
• Nail body—visible part of nail
• Root—lies in a groove; hidden by cuticle
• Lunula—crescent-shaped area nearest root
• Nail bed may change color with change in blood
flow
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 24
Structure of nails.
Fingernail viewed
from above.
Slide 25
Sagittal section of fingernail and
associated structures
Slide 26
THE SKIN
• Accessory structures of the skin (cont.)
• Skin glands—two types
• Sweat, or sudoriferous, glands
• Eccrine sweat glands
• Most numerous, important, and wide-spread of the
sweat glands
• Produce perspiration or sweat, which flows out through
pores on skin surface
• Function throughout life and assist in body heat
regulation
• Apocrine sweat glands
• Found primarily in axilla and around genitalia
• Secrete a thicker secretion quite different from eccrine
perspiration
• Breakdown of secretion by skin bacteria produces odor
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 27
THE SKIN
• Sebaceous glands
• Secrete oil or sebum for hair and skin
• Level of secretion increases during
adolescence
• Amount of secretion is regulated by sex
hormones
• Sebum in sebaceous gland ducts may
darken to form a blackhead
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 28
THE SKIN
o Functions of the skin
• Protection—first line of defense against:
•
•
•
•
Infection by microbes
Ultraviolet rays from sun
Harmful chemicals
Cuts and tears
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 29
THE SKIN
• Functions of the skin (cont.)
• Temperature regulation
• Skin can release almost 3000 calories of body heat
per day
• Mechanisms of temperature regulation
• Regulation of sweat secretion
• Regulation of blood flow close to the body
surface
• Sense organ activity
• Skin functions as an enormous sense organ
• Receptors serve as receivers for the body, keeping
it informed of changes in its environment
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 30
THE SKIN
Skin Cancer
The three most common types of skin cancer are
• Squamous cell carcinoma,
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Malignant melanoma
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 31
THE SKIN
Exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation is
thought to be the most important factor in causing
the common skin cancers.
• UV radiation damages the DNA in skin cells, causing
the mistakes in mitosis that produce cancer.
• Skin cells have a natural ability to repair UV
damage to the DNA, but in some people, this
inherent mechanism may not be able to deal with
a massive amount of damage.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 32
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• A common type of skin cancer, squamous cell
carcinoma,is a slow-growing malignant tumor of the
epidermis.
• Lesions begin as hard, raised nodules that are
usually painless (Figure 5-7, A).
• If not treated, squamous cell carcinomas will grow
in size and eventually metastasize or spread
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 33
THE SKIN
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 34
Basal Cell Carcinoma
• The most common type of skin cancer,
• Usually appears on the upper face
• Originating in cells at the base of the epidermis,
• Much less likely to metastasize
• It often appears first as a small, raised lesion that
erodes in the center to form a bleeding, crusted
crater
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 35
THE SKIN
• Basal Cell Carcinoma
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 36
THE SKIN
Melanoma
• Malignant melanoma is the most serious form of skin
cancer.
• This type of cancer sometimes develops from a
benign or noncancerous pigmented mole, and
then transforms into a dark, spreading cancerous
lesion
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 37
THE SKIN
• Malignant Melanoma
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 38
THE SKIN
• Kaposi sarcoma is a rare form of skin cancer
frequently associated with AIDS and other immune
deficiencies.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 39
THE SKIN
Warning Signs of Malignant Melanoma
ABCD
Rule
Asymmetry
Benign moles are usually symmetrical; their halves are mirror
images of each other.
Melanoma lesions are asymmetrical or lopsided.
Border
Benign moles are outlined by a distinct border, but malignant
melanomal lesions are often
irregular or indistinct in shape.
Color
Benign moles may be any shade of brown but are relatively
evenly colored; melanoma lesions
tend to be unevenly colored, exhibiting a mixture of shades or
colors.
Diameter
By the time a melanoma lesion exhibits characteristics A, B, and
C, it also is probably larger
than 6 mm (14 inch).
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 40
THE SKIN
• Burns
• Treatment and recovery or survival depend on total
area involved and severity or depth of the burn
• Body surface area is estimated using the “rule of
nines” (Figure 5-8) in adults
• Body is divided into 11 areas of 9% each
• Additional 1% located around genitals
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 41
The “rule of nines.” Dividing the body into 11 areas of 9% each helps to estimate
the amount of skin surface burned in an adult.
Slide 42
THE SKIN
• Burns (cont.)
• Classification of burns
• First-degree (partial-thickness) burns—only the surface
layers of epidermis involved
• Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns—involve the
deep epidermal layers and always cause injury to the
upper layers of the dermis
• Third-degree (full-thickness) burns—characterized by
complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis
• May involve underlying muscle and bone
• Lesion is insensitive to pain because of destruction of nerve
endings immediately after injury—intense pain is soon
experienced
• Risk of infection is increased
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 43
QUESTIONS
Questions?
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 44