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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Skin and Body
Membranes
4
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Membranes
 Function of body membranes
 Covers body surfaces
 Lines body cavities
 Forms protective sheets around organs
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Classification of Body Membranes
 Epithelial membranes
 Cutaneous membranes
 Mucous membranes
 Serous membranes
 Connective tissue membranes
 Synovial membranes
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Cutaneous Membrane
 Cutaneous membrane = skin
 Dry membrane
 Outermost protective boundary
 Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium
 Underlying dermis is mostly dense
connective tissue
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Cutaneous Membranes
Figure 4.1a
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Mucous Membranes
 Surface epithelium type depends on site
 Stratified squamous epithelium (mouth,
esophagus)
 Simple columnar epithelium (rest of digestive
tract)
 Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina
propria)
 Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior
body surface
 Often adapted for absorption or secretion
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Mucous Membranes
Figure 4.1b
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Serous Membranes
 Surface is a layer of simple squamous epithelium
 Underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar
connective tissue
 Lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior
of the body
 Serous membranes occur in pairs separated by
serous fluid
 Visceral layer covers the outside of the organ
 Parietal layer lines a portion of the wall of
ventral body cavity
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Serous Membranes
Figure 4.1d
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Serous Membranes
 Specific serous membranes
 Peritoneum
 Abdominal cavity
 Pleura
 Around the lungs
 Pericardium
 Around the heart
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Serous Membranes
Figure 4.1c
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Connective Tissue Membrane
 Synovial membrane
 Connective tissue only
 Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
 Secretes a lubricating fluid
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Connective Tissue Membrane
Figure 4.2
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Integumentary System
 Skin (cutaneous membrane or integument)
 Skin derivatives
 Sweat glands
 Oil glands
 Hair
 Nails
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I.
Skin Functions
A.
Protects deeper tissue from:
1.
mechanical damage (bumps)
- physical barrier (epidermis) contains keratin
(protective protein) to toughen & waterproof
cells, fat cells to cushion blows, & pressure
receptors which alert the nervous system to
possible damage
2.
chemical damage (acids & bases)
- relatively impermeable keratinized cells, pain
receptors which alert the nervous system to
possible damage
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I. Skin Functions cont.
3.
bacterial damage
- has unbroken surface, has acid mantle – where skin
secretions are acidic, and thus inhibit bacteria
4.
ultraviolet radiation (damaging effects of sunlight)
- melanin (pigment) produced by melanocytes offers
protection
5.
thermal damage (hot or cold)
- contains hot/cold/pain receptors
6.
desiccation (drying out)
- contains a waterproof glycolipid & protein
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I. Skin Functions cont.
B.
Aids in body heat loss or heat retention
- heat loss: activating sweat glands & allowing blood to
flush into skin capillary beds so heat can radiate from
skin surface
- heat retention: NOT allowing blood to flush into skin
capillary beds
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I.
Skin Functions cont.
C.
Aids in excretion of urea & uric acid
- contained in perspiration produced by sweat glands
D. Synthesizes Vitamin D
- modified cholesterol molecules in the skin are
converted to vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation/
sunlight
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Skin Functions
Table 4.1 (1 of 2)
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Skin Functions
Table 4.1 (2 of 2)
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVES
____ 1. I can describe the functions of the
integument.
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Skin Structure
 Epidermis—outer layer
 Stratified squamous epithelium
 Often keratinized (hardened by keratin) by
keratinocytes
 Dermis
 Dense connective tissue
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Skin Structure
Figure 4.3
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
____ 2. I can compare and contrast the
tissue of the epidermis with that of the
dermis.
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Skin Structure
 Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is deep to
dermis
 Not part of the skin
 Anchors skin to underlying organs
 Composed mostly of adipose tissue
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
____ 3.
I can describe the subcutaneous
membrane.
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Layers of the Epidermis
 Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
 Deepest layer of epidermis
 Lies next to dermis
 Cells undergoing mitosis
 Daughter cells are pushed upward to become
the more superficial layers
 Stratum spinosum
 Stratum granulosum
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Layers of the Epidermis
 Stratum lucidum
 Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
 Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the
palms of hands and soles of feet
 Stratum corneum
 Outermost layer of epidermis
 Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin
(protective protein prevents water loss from
skin)
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Layers of the Epidermis
 Summary of layers from deepest to most
superficial
 Stratum basale
 Stratum spinosum
 Stratum granulosum
 Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only)
 Stratum corneum
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
____ 4.
I can list the layers of the
epidermis and explain why there
is an extra layer in certain body regions.
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Melanin
 Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes
 Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale
 Color is yellow to brown to black
 Amount of melanin produced depends upon
genetics and exposure to sunlight
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
____ 5.
I can explain skin pigment colors
concentrating on melanocytes and
melanin and the cultural differences.
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Dermis
 Two layers
 Papillary layer (upper dermal region)
 Projections called dermal papillae
 Some papillae contain capillary loops
 Other house pain receptors and touch receptors
 On palms & soles, papillae are arranged in
patterns that increase friction & gripping ability fingerprints
 Reticular layer (deepest skin layer)
 Blood vessels
 Sweat and oil glands
 Deep pressure receptors
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
____ 6.
I can distinguish between the
papillary layer and the reticular
layer of the dermis.
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Dermis
 Overall dermis structure
 Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout
the dermis
 Collagen fibers give skin its toughness
- attract & bind water to keep the skin
hydrated
 Elastic fibers give skin elasticity
- as we age, the number of both fibers
decreases, as a result, skin begins to sag
& wrinkle
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Blood Vessels
 Blood vessels play a role in body temperature
regulation for homeostasis
- when body temp is high, dermal capillaries
become engorged, or swollen & skin becomes
reddened & warm, allowing heat to radiate from
the skin surface
- when body temp is low, blood bypasses the
dermal capillaries temporarily, allowing internal
body temp to stay high
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Nerve Endings
 Dermis also has a rich nerve supply
- many nerve endings have specialized receptors
that send messages (from environmental factors
– pressure & temp) to the central nervous system
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Skin Structure
Figure 4.4
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
7.
I can describe the overall
structure of the dermis including
collagen and reticular fibers,
blood vessels and nerve supply.
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*HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE*
- Decubitus Ulcers- bed sores – a restriction of blood
supply to the skin resulting in cell death and skin ulcers
- the weight of the body puts pressure on the skin,
especially over bony projections
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Normal Skin Color Determinants
 Melanin
 Yellow, brown, or black pigments
 Carotene
 Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
 Hemoglobin
 Red coloring from blood cells in dermal
capillaries
 Oxygen content determines the extent of red
coloring
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Appendages of the Skin
 Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands
 Sebaceous glands
 found all over skin, except for palms of hands
& soles of feet
 Produce oil, called sebum
 Lubricant for skin
 Prevents brittle hair
 Kills bacteria
 Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles;
others open directly onto skin surface
 Glands are activated at puberty
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
8.
I can explain the structure and function
of sebaceous glands.
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*HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE*
- Acne Vulgaris is an infection of the sebaceous glands
accompanied by pimples on the skin
- if a sebaceous gland is blocked by sebum, a
whitehead appears on the skin surface
- if the accumulated material oxidizes and dries, it
darkens, forming a blackhead
- Seborrhea is known as “cradle cap” in infants, is
caused by overactivity of sebaceous glands
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Appendages of the Skin
Figure 4.6a
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Appendages of the Skin
 Sweat glands also called sudoriferous glands
 2.5 million per person
 Widely distributed in skin
 Two types
 Eccrine
 More numerous & found all over body
 Open via duct to pore on skin surface
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 Apocrine
- Ducts empty into hair follicles
- Largely confined to axillary & genital areas
- Secretes sweat that also contains fatty acids &
proteins which may cause a milky or yellowish
color
- When bacteria are present, they use the proteins
& fats as a nutrient source & causes an
unpleasant odor
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Appendages of the Skin
Figure 4.6b
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‘ICAN’ OBJECTIVES
9.
I can explain the structure and function
of sudoriferous glands.
10.
I distinguish between eccrine and
apocrine sudoriferous glands.
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Sweat and Its Function
 Composition
 Mostly water
 Salts and vitamin C
 Some metabolic waste
 Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
 Function
 Helps dissipate excess heat
 Excretes waste products
 Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
 Odor is from associated bacteria
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
11.
I can explain the composition and
function of sweat.
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Appendages of the Skin
 Hair
 Found all over the body except palms of hand,
soles of feet, nipples & lips
 Produced by hair follicles
 Part of hair enclosed in the follicle is the root
 Part of hair projecting from surface is shaft
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Hair
 Mitosis, or formation of epithelial cells, occurs in the
matrix (growth zone) at the inferior end of the hair bulb in
the follicle
 As daughter cells are pushed away from the growing
region, they become keratinized & die (bulk of hair shaft
is dead & almost entirely protein)
 Melanin provides the pigment for hair color
 Shape of hair shaft determines hair type (straight, wavy
or curly)
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Appendages of the Skin
Figure 4.7c
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Appendages of the Skin
 Hair anatomy
 Central medulla
 Cortex surrounds medulla
 Cuticle on outside of cortex
 Most heavily keratinized
& most subject to
abrasion which causes
split ends at tip of shaft
Figure 4.7b
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Appendages of the Skin
 Associated hair structures
 Hair follicle
 Dermal (connective) and epidermal (epithelial)
sheath surround hair root
 Arrector pili muscle
 Smooth muscle
 Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened –
“goose bumps”
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Appendages of the Skin
Figure 4.7a
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Appendages of the Skin
Figure 4.8
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTiVE
12.
I can explain hair as an appendage of
the skin, including the terms follicle,
shaft and arrector pili muscle.
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Appendages of the Skin
 Nails
 Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
 Heavily keratinized
 Free edge, body (visible attached portion), root
(embedded in skin), cuticle (proximal nail fold),
lunula (white crescent) & nail bed (beneath the nail
body)
 Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed –
proximal end (matrix) is responsible for growth
 Like hairs, mostly nonliving material
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Appendages of the Skin
Figure 4.9
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
13.
I can explain nails as an appendage of
the skin, including the terms free edge,
root, body, lunula, and cuticle.
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Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
 Infections & Allergies
 Athlete’s foot
 Itchy, red, peeling condition of skin between
the toes
 Caused by fungal infection
 Boils and carbuncles
 Inflammation of hair follicles & sebaceous
glands
 Common on dorsal neck
 Caused by bacterial infection
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Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
 Cold Sores
 Fluid-filled blisters that itch & sting
 Caused by herpes virus
 Virus localizes in cutaneous nerves, where it
remains dormant until activated by emotional
upset, fever, or UV radiation
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Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
 Contact dermatitis
 Itching, redness & swelling progressing to
blistering
 Exposure to chemicals cause allergic reaction
 Impetigo
 Pink, water-filled, raised lesions (common
around nose & mouth) which develop yellow
crust & rupture
 Caused by highly contagious bacterial infection
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Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
 Psoriasis
 Overproduction of skin cells resulting in
reddened lesions covered with silvery scales
 Believed to be an autoimmune disorder (where
your body attacks your body) triggered by
trauma, infection or stress
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Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
Figure 4.10
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
14.
I describe the following disorders of
the skin, athlete’s foot, boils, cold
sores,
psoriasis, contact dermatitis, and
impetigo.
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Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
 Burns
 Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat,
electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
 Associated dangers
 Dehydration
 Electrolyte imbalance
 Circulatory shock due to loss of fluids
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Rule of Nines
 Way to determine the extent of burns
 Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation
 Each area represents about 9% of total body
surface area
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Rule of Nines
Figure 4.11a
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Severity of Burns
 First-degree burns
 Only epidermis is damaged
 Skin is red and swollen
 Second-degree burns
 Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
 Skin is red with blisters
**1st & 2nd degree burns are partial thickness burns
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Severity of Burns
 Third-degree burns (called full thickness burns)
 Destroys entire skin layer
 Burn is gray-white or black
 Regeneration is not possible & skin grafting
must be done to cover the underlying exposed
tissues
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Severity of Burns
Figure 4.11b
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
15.
I can explain the severity between the
three different degrees of burns.
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Critical Burns
 Burns are considered critical if
 Over 25% of body has second-degree burns
 Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns
 There are third-degree burns of the face,
hands, or feet
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Skin Cancer
 Cancer—abnormal cell mass
 Classified two ways
 Benign
 Does not spread (encapsulated)
 Malignant
 Metastasized (moves/spreads) to other
parts of the body
 Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer
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Skin Cancer Types
 Basal cell carcinoma
 Least malignant
 Most common type
 Arises from stratum basale
 Occurs most on sun-exposed areas of the face
 Shiny, dome-shaped nodules
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Skin Cancer Types
Figure 4.12a
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Skin Cancer Types
 Squamous cell carcinoma
 Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
 Early removal allows a good chance of cure
 Believed to be sun-induced
 Arises from stratum spinosum
 Appears most often on scalp, ears, dorsal
hands & lower lip
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Skin Cancer Types
Figure 4.12b
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Skin Cancer Types
 Malignant melanoma
 Pigmented spot or mole
 Most deadly of skin cancers
 Cancer of melanocytes
 Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood
vessels
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Skin Cancer Types
Figure 4.12c
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
16.
I can describe the three different
cancers of the skin, squamous cell
carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and
malignant melanoma.
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ABCD Rule
 A = Asymmetry
 Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
 B = Border irregularity
 Borders of mole are not smooth
 C = Color
 Different colors in pigmented area
 D = Diameter
 Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter
**E = Elevation above the skin surface
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‘I CAN’ OBJECTIVE
17.
I can explain the ABCD rule in
determining melanoma.
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