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Dandruff is caused by excessive shedding of cells
from the outer layer of skin in the scalp. Thus
dandruff is composed of cells from which
epidermal layer?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
A splinter that penetrates from the skin’s surface to the
third layer of the epidermis of the palm is lodged in
which layer?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stratum lucidum
Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Why does swimming in fresh water for an
extended period cause epidermal swelling?
1. Fresh water is hypotonic to skin cells and
moves in by osmosis.
2. Fresh water is hypertonic to skin cells and
moves in by osmosis.
3. Stratum germinativum divides rapidly in
fresh water.
4. Stratum corneum builds up in fresh water.
Water from interstitial fluids is lost to the
surrounding air by what process?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Insensible perspiration
Inconsequential perspiration
Interstitial perspiration
Immersion perspiration
Some criminals sand the tips of their fingers so as
not to leave recognizable fingerprints. Would this
practice permanently remove fingerprints? Why or
why not?
1. Yes, because the dermal papillae die if exposed.
2. No, because the original ridge patterns regenerate.
3. Yes, because the stratum germinativum thickens
hiding ridge patterns.
4. No, but completely different ridge patterns will
appear with re-growth.
Mr. Wilson is exhibiting yellowed skin. Which
of the following conditions does he have and
what is its cause?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vitiligo/loss of melanocytes or thyroid disease
Addison’s disease/excess secretion of ACTH
Pituitary tumor/excess secretion of MSH
Jaundice/liver disease
What is the usual length of time it takes for a
cell to move from the stratum germinativum
to the stratum corneum?
1.
2.
3.
4.
2 to 5 years
3 to 4 months
15 to 30 days
4 to 6 weeks
How and where is melanin produced?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Melanocytes manufacture it from tyrosine in the
stratum germinativum
Melanosomes manufacture it from adenine in the
stratum granulosum
The stratum germinativum manufactures it from
Merkel cells and keratinocytes
All of these are true in darkly pigmented
individuals
Why does the skin of a fair-skinned person
appear red during exercise in hot weather?
1. Sunlight stimulates erythrocyte production in skin.
2. Blood is diverted to the superficial dermis to
eliminate heat.
3. Sunlight bleaches fair skin, allowing blood to be
seen.
4. Heat stimulates cutaneous blood vessels, causing
leaks.
Which of the following is NOT a role of
epidermal growth factor?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Promotes division of germinative cells in
stratum germinativum
Accelerates production of keratin
Converts a cholesterol-related steroid to
cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
Stimulating synthetic activity and secretion
by epithelial glands
In some cultures, women must be covered
completely, except for their eyes, when they go
outside. Explain why these women exhibit a
high incidence of problems with their bones.
1. UV light prevents calcium deposition in bones.
2. Melanin production is necessary for bone growth.
3. Cloth prevents oxygen from diffusing into skin and
bones.
4. UV light is necessary to produce the hormone
cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
Where are the capillaries and sensory
neurons that supply the epidermis located?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reticular layer of the dermis
Epidermis
Papillary layer of the dermis
Hypodermic layer
What accounts for the ability of the dermis
to undergo repeated stretching?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Elastic fibers and skin turgor resilience
Reticular fibers and fluids
Adipocytes and elastic fibers
Sebaceous gland secretions
What is the clinical significance of a cut in the skin
made parallel to lines of cleavage?
1. The cut will likely scar due to severed collagen
and elastic fibers
2. The cut will heal with little scarring because
collagen and elastic fibers are located in
parallel bundles along lines of cleavage
3. The papillary and reticular layer of the dermis
would become separated from each other
4. Melanin and carotene will dissipate from the
epidermis leaving a scar
Two terms for the connective tissue below the
dermis are ____, it is made of _____ and its
functions include _____?
1. Subcutaneous layer and hypodermic layer/elastic
tissue and collagen/stretching and recoil
2. Hypodermis and subcutaneous layer/areolar and
adipose tissue/stabilizing position of the skin
3. Hypodermis and deep fascia/adipose and dense
irregular tissue/heat production
4. 2 and 3
Which two events are possible results of
the contraction of the arrector pili muscle?
1. Goose bumps/release of sebum
2. Sweating/contraction of underlying
muscles
3. Goose bumps/localized increase in
blood flow
4. Localized pallor/release of sebum
What is the term used to describe a burn that
destroys both the epidermis and dermis?
Could this burned tissue repair itself?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Second-degree burn/yes
First-degree burn/yes
Partial-thickness burn/no
Full-thickness burn/no
Which of the following is NOT a function of
merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Activate at puberty, secrete sticky, cloudy,
potentially odorous secretion
Cooling of skin’s surface
Protects skin through action of dermicidin
Diluting harmful chemicals in contact with the
skin
What are the functions of sebaceous
secretions?
1. Inhibits the growth of bacteria
2. Lubricates and conditions the
surrounding skin
3. Lubricates and protects the keratin of
the hair shaft
4. All of the above
Deodorants are used to mask the effects of
secretions from which type of skin gland?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ceruminous glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Merocrine sweat glands
Mammary glands
Which type of skin glands are most affected by
the hormonal changes that occur during puberty?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ceruminous glands and anal glands
Sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands and mammary glands
Merocrine sweat glands and sebaceous
glands
What conditions of the nail would you expect
to see in someone with AIDS; in someone
with psoriasis?
1. Cyanosis (blue tinge)/yellowing
2. The hyponychium would be absent/the
eponychium would be absent
3. Yellowing/pitting and distortion
4. The nail root would be destroyed in both
cases
What do you call the combination of fibrin clots,
fibroblasts, and the extensive network of capillaries
in healing tissue?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Granulation tissue
Scar
Scab
Callus
Why can skin regenerate effectively, even
after considerable damage?
1. Stratum germinativum persists deep
within the body.
2. Stem cells persist in all components of
the skin.
3. Hypodermis will transform into epidermis
and dermis.
4. Surrounding skin spreads and fills in
damaged area.
In which systems other than the integument,
does vitamin D3 play a critical role?
1. Endocrine, cardiovascular, and urinary
systems
2. Skeletal, endocrine, digestive, and
muscular systems
3. Digestive, urinary, lymphatic and
muscular systems
4. None of these is correct
Which of these statements would be
consistent with facts about the skin of an
elderly person?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Increase in merocrine sweat glands
Increase in blood supply to the dermis
Decreased melanocyte production
Vitamin D3 production is the same as in a
younger person