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Astronomy Hey there-- you with the stars in your eyes… Why bother? Why bother? • • • • • • • • • • • • …Moon river, wider than a mile …Blue moon, You saw me standing alone …there’s a bad moon on the rise …Fly me to the moon and let me sing among the stars …Shine on harvest moon …if you want to write a song about the moon …I would fly you to the moon and back …The moon begins to rise upon my fallen eyes …I was on the moon when you were born …till, I'm hanging on the moon …watched the moon, the blue light of the moon ... …Dancing with the moon, mooning moonstruck Why bother? • • • • • • • • • • • • A Google search …Moon river, wider than a mile turned …Blue moon, You saw me standing alone up …there’s a bad moon on the rise 23,000,000 hits …Fly me to the moon and let me sing among the stars for a search of …Shine on harvest moon …if you want to write a song about the moon “moon song …I would fly you to the moon and back …The moon begins to rise upon lyrics” my fallen eyes …I was on the moon when you were born …till, I'm hanging on the moon …watched the moon, the blue light of the moon ... …Dancing with the moon, mooning moonstruck Why bother? • • • • • • • • • • • • Don’t even …Moon river, wider than a mile get me …Blue moon, You saw me standing alone …there’s a bad moon on the rise started …Fly me to the moon and let me sing among the stars about stars! …Shine on harvest moon …if you want to write a song about the moon …I would fly you to the moon and back …The moon begins to rise upon my fallen eyes …I was on the moon when you were born …till, I'm hanging on the moon …watched the moon, the blue light of the moon ... …Dancing with the moon, mooning moonstruck Why bother? Why bother? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The things we see in the sky inspire us Light and heat come from the Sun A major impact event will ruin your whole day The moon (and sun) cause the tides The orbit of the Earth around the sun causes the seasons 6. The sun and moon are used for calendars 7. To see what’s out there. What’s out there? From near to far, from here to there, funny things are everywhere (TSG 1960) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) What’s out there? From near to far: . 1) the Moon 2) Sun 3) Planets 4) Other stuff in the Solar system 5) and other stars 6) Nebulas 7) Galaxies What’s out there? From near to far: . 1) the Moon 2) Sun The Universe 3) Planets 4) Other stuff in the Solar system 5) and other stars 6) Nebulas 7) Galaxies Earth-Moon system The moon and the Earth are both about 4.5 billion years old. The moon is made of rock—it may have a partly molten layer inside. It has no standing water or atmosphere Most moon rocks resemble basalt, but some very special types have been found Earth and Moon Which pair shows their relative sizes? Earth and Moon Which pair shows their relative sizes? Earth and Moon Which pair shows their relative sizes? Diameter: Earth 12.7 Mm vs Moon 3.5 Mm Mass: Earth 6000Yg vs Moon 74 Yg Earth and Moon Which pair shows their relative distance? Earth and Moon Which pair shows their relative distance? The moon is 400,000 km from the Earth, about 32 times the diameter of the Earth Earth and Moon Which pair shows their relative distance? The moon is 400,000 km from the Earth, about 32 times the diameter of the Earth How does the moon affect us? aka: Why bother? Part 2 How does the moon affect us? How does the moon affect us? 1) 2) 3) 4) How does the moon affect us? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Tides Light after sunset (depends on the phase) Eclipses frighten weak minds. Basis for some calendars Inspiration Tides No moon Tides With a moon Tides • The moon’s gravity attracts the Earth and the oceans. • It makes the oceans bulge up on opposite sides of the earth. • The sun does this too, but it’s too far away to do much. Tides This makes two high tides every day as the Earth rotates. With a moon Tides vs. phase of the moon 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tides vs. phase of the moon 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tides • If the sun and moon are lined up, high tides are higher. Tides • If the sun and moon are lined up, high tides are higher. …….. Tides • If the sun and moon are not lined up, high tides aren’t as high. Tides • If the sun and moon are not lined up, high tides aren’t as high. Phases of the moon • The sun illuminates the half of the moon facing the sun. The rest is too dark to see Phases of the moon • What will you see? Phases of the moon • What will you see? Phases of the moon • What will you see? Phases of the moon • What will you see? Phases of the moon http://astro.unl .edu/naap/lps/ animations/lps .swf Phases of the moon January 24-30 Jan. 31Feb. 6 Feb. 7Feb. 13 Feb. 14Feb. 20 Feb. 21-27 We saw a full moon Jan. 30 January 24-30 Jan. 31Feb. 6 Feb. 7Feb. 13 Feb. 14Feb. 20 Feb. 21-27 We will see a full moon Feb. 28 January 24-30 Jan. 31Feb. 6 Feb. 7Feb. 13 Feb. 14Feb. 20 Feb. 21-27 Full We saw a half moon Feb. 5 January 24-30 Jan. 31Feb. 6 Feb. 7Feb. 13 Feb. 14Feb. 20 Feb. 21-27 Full You won’t see the moon Feb. 14 January 24-30 Jan. 31Feb. 6 Feb. 7Feb. 13 Feb. 14Feb. 20 Feb. 21-27 Full We will see a half moon Feb. 22 January 24-30 Jan. 31Feb. 6 Feb. 7Feb. 13 Feb. 14Feb. 20 Feb. 21-27 Full In between? January 24-30 Jan. 31Feb. 6 Feb. 7Feb. 13 Feb. 14Feb. 20 Feb. 21-27 Full Finish it. January 24-30 Jan. 31Feb. 6 Feb. 7Feb. 13 Feb. 14Feb. 20 Feb. 21-27 Full These are called: January 24-30 Jan. 31Feb. 6 Feb. 7Feb. 13 Feb. 14Feb. 20 Feb. 21-27 Full Waning Gibbous Waning Crescent Waxing Crescent Waxing Gibbous These are called: Full Moon January 24-30 Jan. 31Feb. 6 Feb. 7New Feb. 13 moon Feb. 14Feb. 20 First Feb. 21-27 quarter Last quarter Waning Gibbous Waning Crescent Waxing Crescent Waxing Gibbous Full http://www.moonphases.net/calendar/index.php Full Moon January 24-30 Jan. 31Feb. 6 Feb. 7New Feb. 13 moon Feb. 14Feb. 20 First Feb. 21-27 quarter Last quarter Waning Gibbous Waning Crescent Waxing Crescent Waxing Gibbous Full Eclipses • The moon can throw a shadow on the Earth at a new moon • The sun is blocked out. • This is a solar eclipse—only parts of the Earth are affected. Solar Eclipse Partial solar eclipse Annular Annular Time-Lapse Africa 6-21-01 Africa 6-21-01 Eclipses • The Earth can throw a shadow on the moon at a full moon • The moon is blocked out. • This is a lunar eclipse—far more common, can be seen from half of the Earth Lunar eclipse beginning Lunar calendars • Solar calendars: 365.24 days per year --Requires very careful measurements to determine the date --Every 4th year is a leap year • Lunar calendars: 12.36 months per year --Anyone can see the phase of the moon --Every 5th year is a leap year One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. • In 1961, President Kennedy announced the plan to put a man on the moon. • June 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong made the first step onto the moon Twelve men have walked on the moon—the last, in 1972 Gravity • Law of universal gravitation (Newton 1686) F=G*m1*m2/d2 The force of gravity is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the distance between them Gravity • Law of universal gravitation (Newton 1686) F=G*m1*m2/d2 The force of gravity is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the distance between them If you’re twice as big, you’ll weigh twice as much Gravity • Law of universal gravitation (Newton 1686) F=G*m1*m2/d2 The force of gravity is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the distance between them If you’re on a planet twice as big as the Earth, you’ll weigh twice as much Gravity • Law of universal gravitation (Newton 1686) F=G*m1*m2/d2 The force of gravity is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the distance between them If you’re twice as far away, you’ll weigh onefourth as much Orbits • Orbits are ellipses • Ellipses can be very eccentric (like comets) or nearly circular (like planets) Orbits • Kepler’s laws • One focus holds the primary, the other is empty • Objects move faster when they’re closer to the primary • The period squared is proportional to the width of the orbit cubed Special Orbits • LEO: • GEO: • Transfer orbits: Special Orbits • LEO: low Earth orbits • GEO: geosynchronous orbits • Transfer orbits: Special Orbits • LEO: low Earth orbits—good for landsats • GEO: geosynchronous orbits—satellite stays over one point on the equator—good for communication satellites • Transfer orbits: intersect with another orbit Special Orbits • LEO: low Earth orbits—good for landsats (90-250 miles high) • GEO: geosynchronous orbits—satellite stays over one point on the equator—good for communication satellites (26,000 miles high) • Transfer orbits: intersect with another orbit (any height, very eccentric) Solar System Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Solar System Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets Terrestrial Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Gas giants Solar System Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets Moons Mercury 0 Venus 0 Earth 1 Mars 2 Gas giants have many (usually small) moons Solar System Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets Dwarf planets include Pluto and the asteroids Solar System Planets, moons, dwarf planets and comets Comets are ice, rock, and dust in eccentric orbits. They make a tail when they get closer to the Sun. The Planets (scaled for size) Mercury Venus (in infrared) Do you need a label? Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto (dwarf planet) and its moon, Charon A comet (notice the two tails) A comet (notice the two tails) Direction of the comet Towards the Sun Diameter Distance (Mm) (AU) Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto 4.9 12 13 6.8 140 120 51 50 2.2 .39 .72 1 1.5 5.2 9.5 19 30 39 Diameter Distance (Mm) (AU) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Pluto Neptune Uranus Saturn Jupiter Mars Earth Venus Mercury 0 Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto 4.9 12 13 6.8 140 120 51 50 2.2 .39 .72 1 1.5 5.2 9.5 19 30 39 Diameter Distance (Mm) (AU) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Me rcu ry Ve nus Ea rth Ma rs Jup iter Sa turn Ura nus Ne ptu ne Plu to 0 Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto 4.9 12 13 6.8 140 120 51 50 2.2 .39 .72 1 1.5 5.2 9.5 19 30 39 There’s a reason for the seasons The Earth’s axis is tilted! Summer in the northern hemisphere Summer in the southern hemisphere Other stellar systems? • As of Jan. 2010, 429 planets have been discovered around other stars. Stars • www.astrocappella.com/sun.shtml • Nuclear fusion …there are kinds of stars? • • • • Size Temperature Age Herzsprung-Russel Diagram • • • • • red orange yellow white blue (less than 3500oC) (3500-5000oC) (5000-6000oC) (6000-7500oC) (over 7500oC) Special stars • • • • • • White and brown dwarfs Red and blue giants Neutron stars Black holes Binary stars Variable stars Constellations • • • • Historical Mapping Astrology The Zodiac / the ecliptic Galaxies • • • • Spiral Barred Irregular Groups and superclusters Other stuff--Nebulas • Light and dark—a cloud of dust and gas • A dark nebula blocks the light of stars behind it. • A light nebula is lit by stars in front of it. Other stuff-Nebulas Telescopes • • • • Refractors Reflectors Observatories Non-visible spectrum