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The Solar System Carver Road Middle School See body of Powerpoint for image sources Relative Sizes of the Planets, plus Pluto Neptune Saturn Uranus Not pictured The dwarf planet Eris Jupiter Mars Earth Venus Mercury Not pictured, the dwarf planet Ceres 2 Image from http://www.nineplanets.org/gif/NinePlanets.jpg Clean picture comparing relative sizes 3 Image from http://www.nineplanets.org/gif/NinePlanets.jpg Another perspective Another perspective Renamed Eris 4 Image from http://media.skyandtelescope.com/images/TwelvePlanets_l.jpg The Inner Planets • • • • Mercury Venus Earth Mars 5 Characteristics of the Inner Planets • They are 4 planets closest to the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Located inside Asteroid Belt • Very similar to each other, they are small and have rocky surfaces. They are dense. Do NOT have rings • Often called “terrestrial planets” because they resemble Earth, “terra-” means “Earth” 6 Mercury • Size- about 38% of Earth’s diameter it is 4878 km • Distance from sun- about 39% of Earth’s distance it is 58,000,000 km • Surface- thin, hard rocky surface covered with many plains and craters • Atmosphere- very thin, some sodium and other gases 7 Mercury(cont’d) • Ability to support life- none, there is NOT any sign of life on Mercury, lack of water and oxygen along with hot temperatures make life unlikely • Moons- none • Rotation- 59 Earth days • Revolution- .24 Earth years • Daytime(sunlit side) temperature 430ºC Nighttime(shaded side) temperature -190ºC 8 Mercury Image on right from http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/images/browse/mercury/mercury1.jpg Image on left from http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/BrowseTheSolarSystem/gifs/mercury2.gif 9 Venus • Size- slightly smaller than Earth 95% of Earth’s diameter, it is 12,104 km • Distance from sun- about 2/3 of Earth’s, it is 108,000,000 km from sun • Surface- covered with rock similar to some parts of Earth, has volcanoes with lava flows and strange domes 10 Venus (cont’d) • Atmosphere- Very thick and cloudy, mostly carbon dioxide, clouds partly sulfuric acid • Atmospheric pressure is 90 times heavier than Earth’s and would crush a human 11 Venus (cont’d) • Atmosphere continued- Mostly carbon dioxide so greenhouse effect is strong • Has clouds of sulfuric acid • Ability to support life- Life does NOT appear to exist on Venus, lack of water along with harsh temperatures and atmosphere make life on Venus unlikely 12 Venus (cont’d) • Sometimes called “Earth’s twin” or “Earth’s sister planet” due to similarity • Retrograde rotation- rotates “backward” from east to west (opposite of Earth) • Rotates very slowly, one rotation takes about 8 Earth months and one revolution around sun takes about 7.5 Earth months (One day is longer than one year) • Moons- None 13 Venus Phases of Venus Image from http://www.spacestationinfo.com/images/venus-phase1.gif Image on left from http://rocksfromspace.open.ac.uk/images/venus.jpg 14 Earth • Size- 12,756 km diameter • Distance from Sun- 150,000,000 km • Surface- Crust is a solid rocky surface, 70% is covered by water • Atmosphere- up to 100 km thick, made up of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% other gases 15 Earth • Ability to Support Life- Life does exist on Earth. Gaseous oxygen, liquid water and moderate temperatures are hospitable for life on Earth • Rotation takes 24 hours • Revolution takes 365.25 days • Earth has one moon 16 Earth Image on right from http://z.about.com/d/space/1/7/c/e/earth_moon.jpg 17 Image on left from http://www.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2005/earth12.jpg Mars • Size- 53% of Earth’s diameter, it is 6794 km • Distance from Sun- about 1.5 times distance of Earth It is 228,000,000 km from sun • Surface-Rocky surface with carbonite rocks high in iron, creating red color Polar ice caps contain frozen water and carbon dioxide 18 Mars • Atmosphere- Very thin, with thin clouds Mostly carbon dioxide, only 1% of Earth’s atmospheric pressure • Ability to support life- It is possible that primitive bacteria may have lived on Mars or may now live there but none has been found. Existence of liquid water makes life on Mars a possibility 19 Mars continued • Has polar ice caps of frozen water and frozen carbon dioxide • Rotation- 1.03 Earth days • Revolution- 1.9 Earth years • Mars has largest volcano in solar system, called Olympus Mons • Moons- 2 Phobos and Deimos 20 Image of Phobos from http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/221818main_PIA10368-516.jpg Mars Image on left from http://www.lunarplanner.com/Images/Mars2003/Mars.jpg Image on right from http://www.spacetoday.org/images/Mars/MarsRovers2003/MarsRover2003_1.jpg 21 The Outer Planets • • • • • Jupiter Saturn Uranus pronounced “YOOR-a-nus” see http://www.nineplanets.org/say/uranus.au Neptune Pluto (a dwarf Planet) 22 Characteristics of The Outer Planets • These are the planets outside of the Asteroid Belt, they are: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are called “Gas Giants” . They are much larger than Earth and do not have solid surfaces 23 Characteristics of The Outer Planets • Pluto and Eris are small and rocky, like the terrestrial planets. • The gas giants do not have well-defined surfaces but have deep atmospheres that are typically about 75% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 1% other elements • Gas giants likely have solid cores of rock, ice, frozen carbon dioxide and other compounds 24 Jupiter • Size- diameter is 11 times Earth’s, It is 142,800 km • Distance from Sun- 5.2 times further than Earth. It is 778,000,000 km • Surface and atmosphere of gas and liquid it does not have a well-defined surface • Has a deep atmosphere of about 86 % hydrogen,14 % helium, and tiny amounts of methane, ammonia, phosphine, water, acetylene, ethane, germanium, and carbon monoxide. 25 Jupiter continued • Ability to support life- Lacks water, oxygen and moderate temperatures needed to support life. NO known life • Largest planet in solar system with 300 times the mass of Earth • Rotation- .41 Earth days (fastest) • Revolution- 29 Earth years 26 Jupiter continued • Moons- 17 (book), 63 (web), 16 that are 10 km or larger and many smaller ones(NASA), Europa may have water • Has dark rings • Great Red Spot is storm on Jupiter, twice as big as Earth 27 Jupiter Jupiter and moon Io Image on left from http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/images/browse/jupiter/jupiter.jpg 28 Image on right from http://www.spacetoday.org/images/SolSys/Jupiter/JupiterBelowIo2001.jpg Saturn • Size- About 9.44 times size of Earth. It is 120,540 km • Distance from sun- About 9.5 times distance from sun as Earth. 1,427,000,000 km • Surface and atmosphere of a gas giant, it does not have a well-defined surface but has syruplike mixture of helium and hydrogen and a thick atmosphere of gaseous helium and hydrogen 29 Saturn continued • Ability to support life- Lacks water, oxygen, and moderate temperatures needed to support life • Second largest planet in solar system • Rotation- 0.43 Earth days • Revolution- 29 Earth years 30 Saturn continued • Moons- 19 (book), 34 (Web), 25 that are 10 km or larger plus additional smaller ones (NASA) • Low density planet, could float in water • Prominent rings- diameter of 250,000 km or more but only about 1 kilometer thick, mostly chunks of ice and rocks 31 Saturn Image on right from http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/cyberspace 32 Image on left fromhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/images/full/saturn/saturn.jpg Uranus • pronounced “YOOR-a-nus” • Size- About 4 times diameter of Earth. It is 51,200 km • Distance from Sun- About 19 times farther from sun than Earth. It is 2,871,000,000 km • Surface and atmosphere of a gas giant, it does not have a well-defined surface, 33 Uranus continued • the surface of Uranus consists of bluegreen clouds made up of tiny ice crystals of methane, and rock. The crystals of methane have frozen out of the planet's atmosphere. • Uranus' atmosphere is about 83% hydrogen, 15% helium and 2% methane. 34 Uranus continued • Ability to support life- Lacks water, oxygen, and moderate temperatures needed to support life, NO known life • Rotation- 0.72 Earth days, is retrograde rotation like Venus, and rotates on side • Revolution- 84 Earth years • Moons- 18 (book), 27 (Web), 21named moons (NASA) • Rings- 11 dark rings 35 Uranus 36 Image on left from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/image/uranus.jpg Image on right from http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/139938main_uranus_ring.jpg Neptune • Size- Almost 4 times diameter of Earth. It is 49,500 km • Distance from Sun- Almost 30 times farther from sun than Earth. It is 4,497,000,000 km • Surface and atmosphere of a gas giant, it does not have a well-defined surface • Neptune's composition is probably similar to Uranus': various "ices" and Silicates (rock) with about 15% hydrogen, some water, and a little helium 37 Neptune continued • Atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium with a small amount of methane. • Ability to support life- Lacks significant water, oxygen, and moderate temperatures needed to support life. NO known life. 38 Neptune continued • • • • Rotation- 0.67 Earth days Revolution- 165 Earth years Visible clouds in atmosphere Moons- 8 (book), 13 (web), 11 (NASA) • 3 Very dark rings, 1 very faint ring 39 Neptune Image on left from http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/n/e/neptune/neptune.jpg 40 Image on right from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Neptune-visible.jpg Pluto • Size- about 17% of diameter of Earth. It is 2200 km • Distance from sun- more than 39 times farther than Earth. It is 5,913,000,000 kilometers • Rocky, icy surface is very small • Thin atmosphere of methane gas 41 Pluto continued • Ability to support life- Lacks water, oxygen, and warmth needed for life NO known life • Moons- 1 Charon (book), 3- Charon, Hydra and Nix (web and NASA) • Rotation- 6.4 Earth days • Revolution- 248 Earth years 42 Pluto Image on left from http://www.crh.noaa.gov/Image/fsd/astro/Pluto1.jpg 43 Image on right from http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/public/Pluto1.jpg The Dwarf Planets • Ceres- new dwarf planet, it was classified as the largest asteroid in the Asteroid Belt (it is between Mars & Jupiter). Say sir’eez • Pluto- was classified as a planet, now classified as a dwarf planet • Eris- new dwarf planet, past Pluto it is an icy body near the edge of our solar system. Say ee’ris 44 The Dwarf Planets and their Moons Image from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/our_solar_system/dwarf_planets/images/dwarf_planet_sizes_sm.jpg 45 Planets and Dwarf Planets compared • Dwarf planets are smaller than planets • Both orbit the Sun • Both are large enough that their gravity pulls them into the shape of a sphere • Planets clear smaller objects out of their orbit. Dwarf planets can not because of their weaker gravity 46 Information from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/our_solar_system/dwarf_planets/dwarf_planets.html Additional Sources • http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/our_solar_system/dwarf_pla nets/dwarf_planets.html • http://www.pantheon.org/miscellaneous/pronunciations.html • http://www.nasa.gov • http://www.nineplanets.org 47