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India Preview and Processing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is your first impression? Why do you feel that way? What is the location? What is happening? Why is this important? How is water symbolically used in other countries or cultures? Geography Hindu Kush & Himalayas Subcontinent Indus & Ganges Seasonal winds: monsoon Aryan “Nobles” 1500 BCE nomads from central Asia Khyber Pass Caucasus mts. Wealth=cattle Illiterate Depended on priest: Sanskrit Blending betw. The 2 = Hinduism Hinduism Aryans w/ myths; everything holy Vedas: 4 collections of hymns gathered by priest: 1500 total Rig-Veda: most important & oldest (1028) Vedic Age Upanishads Attempt of teachers to understand and explain Vedas 1. One true reality is Brahman the mighty spirit that creates and destroys 2. One aspect of B. is self or soul=Atman 3. Nothing dies: reincarnation 4. Perfect Understanding=moksha wh/ = merge w/ B Caste System 1. Brahmin: “god’s mouth” = priest 2. Kshatriya: “god’s arms”=rulers & warriors 3. Vaishya: “god’s legs” = landowners, merchants 4. Shudra: “god’s feet” = servants & slaves 5. Untouchables: nothing Shiva: destroyer or transformer •Vishnu: creator and destroyer of all existences Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Beautiful life; wife, son sick, feeble, dead: must seek wisdom Age 29 left family to become nomad & seek wisdom Meditated under Bodhi tree “Enlightened One” or Buddha Concern for everyone No caste system Four Noble Truths 1. Everything in life is suffering & sorrow 2. Causes of pain are selfish desires wh/ = rebirth & pain 3. Ending pain means ending selfish desires 4. End desire & thus pain by following the Eightfold Path Eightfold Path 1. Rt. Knowledge 2. Rt. Purpose 3. Rt. Speech 4. Rt. Action 5. Rt. Living 6. Rt. Effort 7. Rt. Mindfulness 8. Rt. Meditation (concentration) Mauryan Dynasty Chandragupta Mauryan (322-298 BCE) United all of N. India (9,000 increased to 700,000) Trusted no-one Fear Food tasters “Gov’t is the science of punishment” Making the Connection 1. 2. 3. 4. What modern day country is missing from the original map of India? How does religion play an important role in the development of gov’t? culture? What is Mohenjo-Daro and why is it important? What were at least two main things the Harappan Culture was based on? Ashoka (273 BCE) st 1 @ like granddad Edict “federal aid” Spread Buddhism China Chinese Society Family : roles est. fr. birth to death Elderly w/ power oldest male; oldest female females: father, husband, sons 13-16 Having sons increased status Gov’t Ruler like “super-grandfather” Mandate of Heaven Dynastic Cycle Shang Dynasty 2000 BCE cities Division betw. Nobles & peasants Bronze and silk Oracle bones Ideas not sounds 1,000 literate Chou Dynasty Invaded by barbarians Country divided Confucius K’ung Fu-tzu Social order & good gov’t based on 5 relationships 1. Ruler/subject 2. Father /son 3. Husband/wife 4. Older/younger 5. friend/friend Filial Piety Minister of Crime Crime wiped out Confucius Lao Tzu Natural order: universal force guides all things (Tao) Taoism Legalist Efficient & powerful: reward & punish Limit ideas & actions Making the Connection What is the only man made object visible from space? Ch’in (shih) Dynasty Ch’in Shih Huang-ti (246-210 BCE) (Qin Shi Huang) Effective but cruel Ending opposition 1. Destroy outside rivals 2. End resistance w/i All nobles had to live @ capt. Burned books (farming & medicine) System of law, $, weights & measures Cart axles Who is he? Attila the Hun Great Wall Protection from Huns Wheelbarrow 20 to 25 ft. tall 1,400 miles long Law Han Dynasty (202 BCE) Glory, unity, peace Revoked Ch’in law no real barbarian threat Wu-ti Five classics Analects Confucianism=official belief Taught FC on university = high gov’t positions Silk Road Making the Connection What was the Silk Road and why was it important? Moving into AD time 2 great Dynasties of China 1. Sui (589-618 AD) – Grand canal: Yellow to Yangtze Rr. 2. T’ang – Lowered taxes, gave land to peasants – Wu Chao • Spread Buddhism Making the Connection Who was Wu Chao? Selection of gov’t officials Wu-ti: 2 gov’t jobs to scholars that passed an exam 700 yr practice Theory: anyone could rise to public office Reality: system favored wealthy men w/ education Success=no taxes or military service Would grow fingernails up to 2 in. to show importance Corruption & poetry not helpful in gov’t New social class: gentry Making the Connection Define gentry Poetry Wealthy & enjoyed city life Everyone expected to write poems 3 elements 1. Nature 2. single moment 3. brief Sung dynasty Battle of Talas = 500 yr. of mil. Decay Ruled only s. china Hang chow: rice,fish, tea, etc. 1. Copper coins w/ sq. holes in center wh/ could be worn on a string around the neck 2. 1000-1100 Sung gov’t printed1st paper $ in world • “Counterfeiters will be beheaded” 3. Silk & porcelain: Asia & Africa Technology 1. Printing: block press (600) 2,000 copies per day • Pi Sheng: (1040) moveable type (Europeans 1450) 2. Magnetic compass: 1st used to see if homes faces S. 3. Gunpowder: fireworks Making the Connection 1. 2. Name the European inventor credited with the moveable type printing press. Why were the Chinese not credited with the invention? Who are they and what do they have in common? Making the Connection Why is Marco Polo important? 2. What year did he return to Venice? 1. Mongols Mongolia: steppe Bow: 100 lbs of pressure; 200 yards @ full gallop Genghis Khan (1206-1277): Temujin Tough life: constant fight for power Taller than a cart axle Acquired most of Asia: 1. organized 2. shrewd 3. cruel Kublai Khan: grandson (1260-1294) Liked easy life Attempted to conquer Japan Kamikaze Marco Polo: 17 years Stability over Change Ming dynasty: brilliant Conquered Mongols Valued education Encyclopedias Manchu Ch’ing