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The New Imperialism 1800-1914 Chapter 24 24-1 A Western Dominated World The New Imperialism and its Causes Not the first time in 1800s Americas, not in Asia or Africa Industrial Revolution fueled it Economic Interests Rubber, petroleum, manganese, and palm oil Political and Military Interests Bases prestige Humanitarian “little brothers” Medicine, law, Christianity Social Goals Darwinism Racial superiority The Success of Western Imperialism Weakness of Nonwestern States Draining effect of slave trade had undermined established empires Not strong enough Western Advantages: Resistance Reform culture Nationalist movements to expel imperialists Criticism at Home Why would someone be against imperialism? Forms of Imperial Rule Direct v. indirect rule • France v. England Colonies Protectorates Spheres of Influence 24-2 The Partition of Africa Africa in the Early 1800s North Africa Slavery, ivory, copper Southern Africa jihad East Africa Close ties to Islam; declining Ottoman West Africa Diverse Shaka Zulu The Slave Trade Outlawed in West Sierra Leone and Liberia European Contacts Increase • Medicine, steamships Explorers Niger, the Nile, Congo Missionaries Children in need of guidance A Scramble for Colonies King Leopold II of Belgium spoke of a civilized mission to carry the light “that for millions of men still plunged in barbarism will be the dawn of a better era.” --Privately, he dreamed of conquest and profit. Sent troops to Congo setting off other European nations to rival claims of region. Berlin Conference 1884, no Africans Horrors in the Congo Forced labor Brutalizing villagers Beatings Population French Expansion Tunisia, West and Central Africa As big as the continental ___ Britain Takes Its Share Clashed with Boars By 1910, the British formed the Union of South Africa Others Join the Scramble Portugal, Germany, Spanish, Italy, France, Belgium Africans Resist Imperialism Ethiopia Survives How was King Menelik II able to preserve Ethiopia? Liberia 24-3 European Challenges to the Muslim World Stresses in the Muslim World The Muslim world extended from western Africa to Southeast Asia. In the 1500s, three giant Muslim empires ruled much of this world- the Mughals in ______, the Ottomans in the __________, and the Safavids in ____. Empires in Decline Weak central control Internal conflict Islamic Reform Movement European Imperialism Sphere of influence Special rights for Europeans Problems for the Ottoman European states sought to benefit from the slow crumbling of the Ottoman Empire. Efforts to Westernize Railroads Education Military Pros and Cons Young Turks Massacre of Armenians _______ caused Ottoman tension to grow against Armenians, a minority Christian people. • Genocide • Why? • Result: Egypt Seeks to Modernize Muhammad Ali “father of modern Egypt” Tax collection Landholding system Cotton production Military The Suez Canal In 1859, French entrepreneur, Ferdinand de Lessps, organized a company to build the Suez Canal. • Europe to South and East Asia • Egypt’s inability to pay debts led to… Iran and the European Powers Began European reform in 1794 to 1925 Russia and Britain Sphere of influence Concessions • Military troops in Iran 24-4 The British Take Over India East India Company and Sepoy Rebellion Exploiting Indian Diversity British Policies Unification problems weapons Christianity Caste system sati Causes of Discontent Sepoys travel Widows Cartridges Rebellion and Aftermath Massacre British British torched villages Rule of India shifts to ______. More troops sent to India British Colonial Rule Ruled by viceroys Justification Unequal partnership Cotton, jute, coal Unequal partnership, favoring the British Machine made textiles Forced cash crops Population Growth and Famine Benefits of British Rule Different Views on Culture Indian Attitudes Some Indians were impressed • Ram Mohun Roy Learn from the West Caste, child marriage, sati, purdah Western Attitudes Hinduism and Buddhism “a single shelf of a good European library is worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia” Indian Nationalism Indian National Congress Supported self-rule but supported westernstyle modernization Muslim League Muslims grew to resent _____ domination of Congress party. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League. Why? 24-5 China and the New Imperialism The Trade Issue The Canton System • China enjoyed a trade surplus • Westerners had a trade deficit The Opium War In the late 1700s England was selling opium to China. By 1839 China banned the drug. Why? Chinese easily defeated Unequal Treaties Indemnity Extraterritoriality Missionaries colonies Internal Problems Declining Qing dynasty The Taiping Rebellion Most devastating peasant revolt in history “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” • Hong Xiuquan • Wanted reform such as: Effects Depopulation decentralization Vulnerability Reform Efforts Disapproval of western missionaries • Individual choice Self Strengthening Movement Ci Xi Reform with help War With Japan Westernization led to Japanese imperialism in 1894 Taiwan Spheres of Influence Open Door Policy French, British, German Hundred Days of Reform Failed, why? The Qing Dynasty Falls Anger against Christian and foreigners Discontent against foreign troops Boxer Uprising 1899 The Righteous Harmonious Fists “foreign devils” Aftermath of Uprising Reform westernization Three Principles of the People Sun Yixian • Nationalism • Democracy • livelihood Birth of a Republic Ci Xi dies in 1908 Sun Yixian named president of Chinese republic For the next 37 years, China was at war internally or externally