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World War I Causes of World War I MAIN Militarism Alliances – agreements between nations to provide aid and protect on another Imperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and - policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war politically. Nationalism – extreme pride in one’s country The Spark Assassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand Militarism Percentage Increase in Military Spending 1890-1913 France 92% Britain 117% Russia 19% Germany 158% Size of Peacetime Army 1914 Britain France Russia Germany Austria Hungary 430,000 970,000 1,500,000 760,000 480,000 The armies of both France and Germany had more than doubled between 1870 and 1914. Navy Buildup In 1880 Tones of Military Shipping Germany Britain 88.000 650,00 In 1910 Germany Britain 964,000 174,000 The Launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 made matters worse – the ship was fast, heavily armored with powerful guns and it made all previous battleships obsolete. Army Participation Over 85% of men of military age in France and 50% in Germany had served in the army or navy. France had the highest proportion of its population in the army. The crisis before 1914 1905 - Moroccan Crisis Germany announced her support for Moroccan independence Conference allowed France to retain possession. 1911 Germany again protested Frances possession – Germany was persuaded to back down for part of French Congo 1908 - Bosnian Crisis Austria-Hungary took over the former Turkish province of Bosnia Angering Serbians who felt it should be theirs Serbia and Russia mobilized for war but was was avoided because Russia backed down War in the Balkans between 1911-1912 – Austria-Hungary intervened and forced Serbia to give up some of its acquisitions Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary would stay high till World War I Alliances 1879 - The Dual Alliance Germany and Austria-Hungary made an alliance to protect themselves from Russia. 1881 - Austro-Serbian Alliance Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia gaining control of Serbia. 1882 - The Triple Alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia. 1914 - Triple Entente (no separate peace) Britain, Russia and France agreed not to sign for peace separately. 1894 - Franco-Russian Alliance Russia formed an alliance with France to protect herself against Germany and AustriaHungary. 1907 - Triple Entente This was made between Russia, France and Britain to counter the increasing threat from Germany. 1907 - Anglo-Russian Entente This was an agreement between Britain and Russia. 1904 - Entente Cordiale This was an agreement, but not a formal alliance, between France and Britain. Alliances Triple Alliance Triple Entente Imperialism Great Britain, Germany and France needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the Industrial Revolution. These countries competed for economic expansion in Africa. Although Britain and France resolved their differences in Africa, several crises foreshadowing the war involved the clash of Germany against Britain and France in North Africa. In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman Empire was alluring to Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Russia. European Conquest of Africa Nationalism At the settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the principle of nationalism was ignored in favor of preserving the peace. Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and that of Germany in 1871. Another result was that France lost AlsaceLorraine to Germany, and regaining it was a major goal of the French. Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans, areas comprised of many conflicting national groups. The ardent Pan Slavism of Serbia and Russia's willingness to support its Slavic brother conflicted with Austria-Hungary's Pan-Germanism. Nationalism at play Weltpolitik or the desire for world power status was very popular in Germany. The French desire for revenge over Alsace and Lorraine was very strong. In Britain Imperialism and support for the Empire was very evident. This nationalism meant that there was little resistance to war in these countries. A P J Taylor wrote “the people of Europe leapt willingly into war.” The “Spark” Assassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914. Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia. Domino Effect Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary. Russia pledged their support for Serbia. Domino Effect Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium on the way to France. Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany. Allied Powers Central Powers World War I World War I begins The Schlieffen Plan German plan to avoid defeat from Russia by taking out France first and then fight Russians. Smash France in 30 days before Russia could respond with troops Go through Belgium to surround French troops, defeat the French and then rush to Poland front on the German rail system to face Russia Once Russia began to mobilize, Germany had to attack France. World War I Russia wanted to stop 15 days into the 30 day time table/Germany did not want to risk it On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and implemented the Schlieffen Plan. Once they invaded Belgium (August 4, 1914) on their way to France, Great Britain joined the war. War as Celebration Everyone believed that it would be a short war. (6 weeks) News of war was greeted by most Europeans with great enthusiasm and with outpourings of patriotism and nationalism. For decades, state-directed education had indoctrinated youth with nationalist attitudes, beliefs, and myths designed to promote social cohesion. Thus, Europe marched off to war with great Stalemate The war quickly became a stalemate. Trench warfare led to this stalemate --- Defense was as strong or stronger than offense (military tactics had not kept up with military technology) New military technology (machine guns, aerial bombing, poison gas, flame throwers, land mines, armored tanks) Yet European armies had prepared only for offensive warfare. Throughout the war we would see armies go “over the top” out of the trenches in an offensive. Stalemate The Germans could not quickly secure victory over the French, however, because the Russian army mobilized faster than anticipated and the Germans had to divert troops to the Eastern Front. The Germans had great success against the Russians; however, the resources needed to fight on the Eastern Front ensured that the stalemate on the Western front would continue. The result was a deadlock that neither side could break. Empire at War The horrors of war reached across continents. The sprawling Ottoman Empire battled British- and Russian-led forces in Egypt, Iraq, and the Caucasus. In East Asia, Japan declared war on Germany and seized German possessions in China. The British and French conscripted colonial subjects: India: 1 million soldiers to Allies. (60,000 died) Africa: more than 1 million soldiers, 3 million U.S. Involvement The U.S. declared war on Germany in April 1917. Many reasons: unrestricted submarine warfare (Lusitania), Zimmerman telegram, British propaganda, the Russian Revolution With America’s entry, the war was transformed (at least according to Woodrow Wilson) into a moral crusade: an ideological conflict between democracy and autocracy. He had been able to claim that because of the Armistice: November 11, 1918 In March 1918, Russians sign separate peace with Germans (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) With Russia out of the war, the Germans prepared for a decisive offensive before the U.S. could land sufficient troops in France to help the Allies. A war of attrition now favored the Allies, who could count on American supplies and manpower. Without an immediate and decisive victory, Germany could not win the war. The offensive failed. Fearing an Allied invasion of Germany, Kaiser William II abdicates and flees to Holland. A new German Republic is organized that signed an armistice on November 11, 1918, ending the Cost of the war 15 million people were killed. About 1/3 of the soldiers that fought in the war were wounded. The economic cost was severe. Estimates put the damage at about 100 trillion modern U.S. dollars. The European economy was left in shambles and the U.S. emerged as the dominant world economic power. What new weapons were used in WWI? Machine gun Poison gas Submarine Airplane Tank Why these weapons? Why now? INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION!! What were the results? Germany surrendered. Allies impose Treaty of Versailles. Declares Germany guilty for war. Germany must pay reparations to Allies. This sets the stage for WWII! League of Nations formed to try to prevent war in the future. Casualties? Total troops mobilized by all countries in WW1 65,038,810 Total troops dead from all countries in WW1 8,556,315 Total troops wounded from all countries in WW1 21,219,452 Total missing or POWs 7,750,945 The Spanish Flu (Influenza) 1918 Struck in the trenches of the western front and then flourished when soldiers returned home. It became the greatest public health disaster of modern history The pandemic killed between 22 and 30 million people worldwide, or roughly twice as many as had died during the fighting In Spain, it killed roughly 40 percent of the population (8 million), thus giving it the name of the Spanish Influenza. British colonial troops carried it to India where it killed 12 million. No disease, plague, war, famine, or natural catastrophe in world history had killed so many people in such a short Russian Revolution Signs of Unrest Peasants unhappy with low standard of living. Upper classes resentful of influence of foreign countries. Some wanted Democratic system Constitutional monarchy like England Socialism V.I. Lenin Devoted life to setting up a socialist state. A student of Marxism Two groups of Russian Marxists – more time needed for industrialization before a revolution would be successful Bolsheviks – Secret group that would help stage a proletariat revolution (Lenin a part of this group.) Mensheviks Revolution of 1905 Series of revolts after defeat in war with Japan. January – workers attack royal palace Czar Nicholas II – Issued October Manifesto Duma-Russia’s first parliament Revolutionaries still unhappy Czar keeps power to veto the Duma Forms March Revolution - 1917 Unplanned Soldiers were ordered to shoot striking workers, they instead, shot their officers Leads to provisional parliamentary government. Bolshevik Revolution November 1917 Lead by Leon Trotsky with support from Lenin Seized power, arrested members of the provisional government New Government under Lenin Bolsheviks now communists Proclaims dictatorship New government lead by Politburo All other political parties banned Opposed organized religion Called for communist revolutions in other countries. Use terror tactics Secret police Executes thousands who opposed communism.