Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
European Nationalism and Revolution Vocabulary Nationalism: loyalty to one’s nation; one of the driving forces of modern history Congress: an assembly/conference Concert: mutual agreement Conservatism: philosophy based on tradition and social stability Topics to Explore Congress of Vienna Revolutions in Latin America Revolutions in Europe Focus Questions • Were either the Congress of Vienna or the Concert of Europe successful? • Did they instill conservative values? • Did they create peace and stability over time? • Did they limit or stop future rebellions against monarchy? Napoleon was defeated in 1815 • People in Europe embraced Nationalism • The French were seen as oppressors • Other countries wanted to arm themselves to prevent any further invasions Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 A series of international meetings to bring peace and stability to Europe • King Frederick William of Prussia • Czar Alexander I of Russia • Emperor Francis I of Austria • foreign ministers of Britain and France. I have 3 goals: Contain France, create a balance of power, and restore the monarch • The most important leader at the Congress of Vienna was Austria’s foreign minister, Klemens von Metternich. Metternich wanted to: • Restore the Monarchy in France and in Europe • Restore the Monarch’s hereditary right to rule • bring peace & stability back to Europe. • Countries surrounding France were made stronger to weaken France and provide a balance of power across Europe • A balance of military & political power would keep any one country from dominating all of Europe. • the Congress of Vienna was based on the political philosophy of conservatism • based on tradition & social stability Congress of Vienna • Conservatives favored obedience to traditional political authority • believed that organized religion was important to an ordered society. • Opposed to revolutions or demands for rights & government representation. • The delegates agreed to meet in the future Europe after the Congress of Vienna, 1815 Concert of Europe 1820-1853 Concert of Europe, 1820-1853 • An international alliance between Russia, Austria, & Prussia, led by Klemens von Metternich that met when peacekeeping issues arose • promised to help each other in the event of revolution • principle of intervention: countries had a right to intervene and crush any revolution that threatened a monarchy • Values of French Revolution eventually spread throughout Europe • Question – What was the main purpose of the Concert of Europe? • Answer – The main purpose of the Concert of Europe was to stop or crush a revolution. Revolutions of 1848 • Uprisings for selfgovernment in France, the Austrian Empire, and the German & Italian states Revolutions of 1848 • Nationalists claimed loyalty to their fellow people rather than royal rulers • Nationalists wanted nation-states: national governments that are independent of royal rule and serve the people and their ideals. Revolutions of 1848 • Nationalists believed they would be united by their shared history, culture, and land rather than by any one ruler. • France attempted to set up a republic, with an elected president & legislature. – 1848 Paris mob overturns monarchy and establishes a republic – Election of Louis Napoleon – Took on title of emperor Nationalism Shakes 3 Empires • Austria-Hungarian Empire – Composed of Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, Slavs and Italians • Ottoman Empire – Composed of Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians and Armenians • Russian Empire – Composed of Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks • Austria-Hungarian Empire – Austrian nationalists tried to set up a constitutional government. – Germans tried to create a constitution for a unified Germany • Ottoman Empire – 1830 Greece wins independence from Ottoman Empire – 1856 Equal citizenship was granted • Russian Empire – Tsar Alexander II frees the serfs in 1861 Italy tried to create a nation state • In 1848, Revolts broke out in the Italian states in the hopes of creating a unified country. Germany created a nation state • Otto Van Bismark • Second Reich is born – Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser Wilhelm Revolutions of 1848 • these uprisings were quickly repressed, but their ideals persisted. • Within 20 years nationalist movements would turn the scattered states of Germany and Italy into two new, unified nationstates. Summary The Congress of Vienna created a balance of power in Europe by surrounding France with strong countries. • As a result of the Congress of Vienna, royalty was returned to power in most of Europe • Aristocratic Monarchies contained Nationalism until the Revolutions of 1848. • • Required readings: 238-241, 253-263 Focus Questions • Were either the Congress of Vienna or the Concert of Europe successful? • Did they instill conservative values? • Did they create peace and stability over time? • Did they limit or stop future rebellions against monarchy? Opinion Write a paragraph (4-5 sentences) explaining your ideas. Include an opinion topic sentence and statements of fact that support your topic sentence