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Setting the Stage
The World in the 19th Century
The lasting effects of the Enlightenment: 1700’s
Tell me what you know about it!
o breaking away from church teachings and divine
absolutism
o reason, logic, and man’s ability to contemplate the
physical world around him.
o physical and metaphysical world = Scientific
advancement and the individual growth of man’s
learning.
o Rousseau, Locke, Montesquieu, Descartes
What did Enlightenment Thinkers think?
– German Idealism: reality only exists within our own experiences and
through senses and reason… leads to transcendentalism.
– Transcendentalism: the notion that we rise above our physical
environment and limitations. We can rise above oppression to live within
the boundaries of natural law. Laws of man are immoral.
– Romanticism: the embrace of human emotion in spite of logic. The ability
to feel and express thoughts that cannot be proven through science or
logic. The acceptance of concepts such as love, hope, faith, air, hate,
etc. Man becomes center of thought and focuses on human expression.
– (side note) Realism: a movement that develops in the mid 19th century
and the 20th century as a direct backlash and challenge to the
philosophies of the 18th century. A focus on empirical evidence, facts,
science
New Science
•
The 1800’s saw a greater emphasis on scientific developments in
natural science based on the empirical method and scientific
theory. In fact, the 19th century sees science develop as a
profession.
o Andre Ampere: Study of electricity
o James Maxwell: Study of gases and decomposition of elements: leading
to electromagnetism.
o Charles Darwin: Theory of Evolution: all physical matter evolves from
previous matter.
o Emile Durkheim: Father of Sociology; applied empirical observation to
study human nature and determined that we have dualist personas; one
to the nation and one to the individual. It is this dualistic nature that leads
to social conflict.
o Wilhelm Wundt: Developed the first psycholab where the human mind
was analyzed through emperical evaluation  Led to psychology and
Freud.
o Frans Boas: Developed cultural anthropology, studying man in his
environmental element.
Industrialization in the West
 Industrialization flourishes
 Led by Britain
 Common man changes
 - Products and services are easily available
 - Urban areas develop.
 They live in terrible conditions
 People unite together to demand better conditions.
 (Communist Revolution– Karl Marx)
Long term effects of new science: a
return to enlightenment
• Even though empirical studies and scientific
investigation was a fledgling profession, it
reflects the new direction of man’s critique
of society.
• Men were questioning the world around
them and exploring how the world
functioned on a new “logical” empirical
level.
• There is a de-emphasis on faith, intuition,
and “feeling” and a new focus on “logic”
and “sensory experiences”.
New World Order
•The questioning nature of new science, combined
with the new awareness of the common man, lead to
new social and political movements throughout
Europe.
Conservativism: focus on monarchy, customs and traditions
VS
Liberalism: focus on liberty and individualism
Pragmatism: (knowledge is power) evolution of knowledge
VS
Positivism: (scientific ideology): similar to materialism
progress for the sake of progress and understanding.
(Do we do genetic research even though it may lead to ethical
violations? Positivist says yes.)
Modern Conflict
Socialism: focus on collectivism and equality
Utilitarianism: morality of an action is defined by the
overall contribution to happiness or pleasure to
overall society.
.
VS
Democracy: power of the people
to protect individual rights
Capitalism
: free
market, laissez faire economy
that fosters private enterprise
The New Thinkers
• Marx and Engels:
o Communist Manifesto: called for global Revolution of the
proletariat
o Das Kapital : Defined the Labor Theory of Value and
wage-slavery
o Created the foundation for socialist movements and the
rise of communism.
• John Stuart Mill:
o “Minus One Theory” the idea that one dissenting voice is
as important as total consensus of thought. That dissenting
voice leads to change.
o On Liberty: argued that we have the freedom to make
moral decisions for ourselves without the limitations of
“government”
o The Subjugation of Women: written with his wife Harriet
Stuart Mills, argued for the equality of the sexes based on
merit rather than traditional gender roles.
• Sir Robert Peel: Whig Party:
o passed labor reforms that protected child and women’s
labor.
o Set standards for safety in the factory.
o Repealed corn laws helping farmers establish fair market
value for crops.
o Reformed the police system in England ridding English
politics from corrupt regional governors.
• Friedrich Nietzsche: God is Dead
o Determined that religion was no longer a necessary faction
in our society. Instead all philosophies and beliefs needed
to be founded in scientific knowledge.
o Argued that man creates and defines his own society
based on the social Darwinist theory “survival of the fittest”
o Argued that moral values are subjective and therefore
unnecessary.
o Advocated for the “super man” and argued that all men
are either masters or slaves (dog pack mentality)
In the meantime… is God dead?
• Despite the new wave of philosophies and
de-emphasis on religion, a large majority of
the European population still believed in a
form of religion.
o Roman Catholic Church (Roman Empire)
o Protestantism (Western Europe, Balkan States)
o Eastern Orthodoxy (Russia, Eastern Europe)
o Islam (Balkan states, Turkish Empire)
o Judaism (Central and Eastern Europe)
o Deism (natural philosophy, spreading
throughout Europe)
o Atheism (spreading throughout Europe)
Religion and class:
• Religion was most dominant in the middle class.
o The aristocrats rejected religion with the fall of the
monarchies.
o The lower masses felt they were not benefiting from religion
in the new governments.
• The ideological differences of the various religions
often led to political conflict, social clashes, and
religious wars.
• The arts and society:
o more secular with a new emphasis on Classical art (compared to
ecclesiastical music and art).
o Museums, libraries, schools, and public monuments were built
rather than churches and religious buildings.
Create an ID with 5 W’s
Darwinism
Liberalism
Pragmatism
Socialism
Theory of Evolution
Minus One Theory
New Science
The Road to
WWI
Students will understand how European
nationalism in the late 1800’s and early
1900’s led to WWI (MAIN)
Talkin’ bout a revolution!
• The philosophies of the Enlightenment led
the common man to recognize his own
value and embrace their natural rights.
• This new movement would lead directly to
major revolutions throughout the world.
o
o
o
o
o
American Revolution– War for Independence
French Revolution
Haitian Revolution
Latin American Revolutions
Social revolutions
French Revolution: most
important revolution in history
• Most argue that the French Revolution is possibly
the most significant Revolution, not because it was
successful, but in fact, because it failed.
• Why?
Change from Failure
• The failure of the French Revolution created a radical
chain reaction of paranoia and overreaction
throughout Europe.
o The beheading of a monarch (Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette) sent a ripple of fear through the royalist leaders
in Europe and empowered the budding Republics.
o Many European Royalists feared the power of the masses
and created oppressive laws and alliances that protected
the power of the crown against the advancement of the
common man.
o This over-reactive behavior by the ruling elite backlashes
generating a new wave of philosophical, political, and
social movements in the 19th century.
Specific conflict from the
Congress of Vienna
• The Congress of Vienna: first attempt at collective
security
• Spheres of influence were established
• The Napoleonic Empire was dismantled and
hereditary monarchies were reestablished.
• The Holy Roman Empire was permanently dissolved.
• The practice of slavery was officially denounced.
• However, these new geopolitical boundaries did
not consider nationalistic and liberal impulses.
Nationalism: Write a brief response regarding your
reaction.
• Imagine, you live in Stockton (really use your imagination
here)…
• A kerfuffle (fight) develops in the San Joaquin Valley.
When the kerfuffle is over, a group of people from the
Bay Area get together and decide that Stockton is
going to now be divided up between Lodi, Manteca,
and Linden instead of it’s own city. In fact, East Stockton
is going to be under direct control of the Linden mayor
and we will only receive secondary resources.
• The rationale is that Stockton is potentially too powerful
and could cause problems. This way, Stockton is no
longer an issue and the three other cities are all equally
in control. As a citizen of Stockton, what do you do?
People Unite!!!
During the 18th century, many modern nations
emerged for the first time through social insurgence,
political manipulation, and national revolutions.
Italian Unification: Ruled by foreign (non Italian) rulers
after the Congress of Vienna. 1848 Italian
revolutionaries led movement to unify Italian
territory under Italian leadership.
German Unification: 1866: many German speaking
countries were under the authority of Austria.
Prussia, under Bismarck, attacked Austria and
begins unification under a “united German
government” Power shifted to Germany in Central
Europe. Scares the hell out of France
This war [War of 1870] represents the German
revolution, a greater political event than the
French Revolution of the last century… You have a
new world, new influences at work, new and
unknown objects and dangers with which to
cope… The balance of power has been entirely
destroyed.
-- Disraeli
Prime Minister of Britain
1. To what extent is Disraeli correct?
2. Discuss this quote in relation to historiography.
Oh Germany… what do you do?
•
•
•
•
Prussia unites
Realpolitiks– Otto von Bismarck and his web of Alliances
France declares war 1870
France loses, signs the Treaty of Frankfurt
• The signing of the treaty makes Germany an official
country because they are acknowledged as an equal
country to France
• France was forced to concede the Alsace and Lorrain
region to France.
• Tensions between Germany and France will last a very
long time…
The Balkans– The Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878
•
In the late 1800’s, the Balkan region of Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece
and Serbia experienced insurgent activity leading to four declarations
of their independence from the Ottoman Empire (Turkey).
•
Russia supported Balkan independence in Bulgaria and Serbia because
they wanted to create an alliance to gain access to the Mediterranean
Sea. However, Russia did not support Montenegro or Greece in their
quest for independence.
•
Consequently, Britain did not support this move because they wanted
to dominate trade routes and keep Russia out of the action.
•
Austria-Hungary supported a stable Ottoman Empire and did not
support Balkan independence or Serbian nationalism that threatened
Austrian borders.
•
Germany had an alliance with the Ottoman Empire (remember
Bismarck) so they refused to get involved.
Disorganized war
• The four fledgling nations conducted alliances in secret,
all agreeing to wage war against Turkey (Ottoman
Empire). This agreement comprised the Balkan League.
• No formal plan existed for the four nations to fight
together. In fact, each nation attacked Turkey at the
same time in four different wars.
• After a surprisingly successful war against Turkey, the
Treaty of London was agreed upon; however, the Treaty
failed to negotiate national/political boundaries.
• The alliances stopped there because of “irreconcilable
differences” between the four nations.
Rumble in the Balkans
• The national and religious conflicts between the Balkan
nations led to heightened tensions and hostilities amongst
neighbors.
• Combined with ambitious governments and expansionist
desires, the Balkan tensions erupted in a second Balkan war.
• This new kerfuffle would cause the European powers to take
notice and attempt to intervene in the Balkan region.
• Eventually, Bismarck would broker an agreement at the
Congress of Berlin but it wouldn’t last very long.
• They were unsuccessful. There will be three to four more crises
before the start of WWI.
• Tensions still exist today in the Balkan region.
The Alliance of the Three Emperors
• The Three Emperor’s League was undermined by
the decisions made in Berlin:
o Russia resented Germany’s support of Austria and felt it was
unfair.
o In 1879, the German government reacted to Russian
hostility by imposing a grain tariff against Russian imports
o In October 1879, Germany signed a Dual Alliance that
excluded Russia; Bismarck used the Alliance to control the
Central Powers and avoid an unnecessary war with Russia
o The Dual Alliance forced Russia to renegotiate the Alliance
in 1882 and signed the Reinsurance Treaty– a defensive
alliance
And in the other corner…
Egypt!
France vs. Britain
Cage Match
st
1
Place Prize: Suez Canal
The Anglo-French Quarrel
•
As early as 1798 (when Napoleon invaded) the French considered Egypt
an unofficial colony.
•
The French built the Suez canal from 1861-1869 and “revolutionized”
trade, travel, and international relations.
•
In 1875, the British financially aided the Egyptian government by
purchasing 40% of the shares of the Canal. Egypt still went bankrupt and
an Egyptian revolution erupted in 1882.
•
The British and the French both moved to intervene; at the last minute the
French Parliament vetoed the intervention and Britain was forced to
restore order alone.
•
The British seized control of the canal until 1956.
•
The French felt betrayed and humiliated by the British and established
tension between the two powers.
Russia takes advantage of the Distractions–
Bulgarian Crisis of 1887
• Russia dominates the Balkan region.
• Kidnaps the Bulgarian king (Alexander – the Tsar’s
nephew) and forces him to abdicate the thrown.
• Balkan countries get mad and start fighting all over
again.
• Britain and France get nervous about Russian
aggression.
• Everyone signs the Mediterranean agreement
agreeing to “chill out”
Reinsurance Treaty of 1887
• Balkan countries still mad. Keep fighting.
• None of the super powers trust each other.
• Germany and Russia sign the Reinsurance Treaty as a
defensive agreement that promised to intervene if: France
attacked Germany or Austria attacked Russia.
• Bismarck has two contradictory agreements:
o Reinsurance Treaty promises alliances with Russia in the Balkan
region
o Mediterranean Agreement supported Austrian presence in
Balkan region
o Russia and Austria are both still ready to fight each other for
control of Bulgaria and Serbia.
The Death of a King:
RIP Kaiser Frederick--Reign 1848-1890
 William ascends to the throne in Germany and fires
Bismarck.
 Why would the new king fire his father’s advisor?
 Why is losing Bismarck a big deal?
 William has big shoes to fill! Tries to impress his
grandmother… What?
German Foreign Policy after Bismarck
 Remember Bismarck is dismissed in 1890 and replaced by
 General Leo von Caprisi
 Caprisi advises Kaiser to not resign the Reinsurance Treaty
with Russia
 (Nicky, Willy).
 (violates the Dual Alliance of 1879 and the Mediterranean
Agreements
 However, maintains an alliance with Austria and Italy.
 Instead, Germany will focus on an alliance with Britain.
 Belief: An alliance with Britain, Austria, and Italy will keep
France and Russia in check.
Problem with Plan:
 Britain won’t play.
 Britain feels Germany is too unreliable and an alliance will lead to
war.
 Germany won’t take no for an answer. Nags Britain and begins to
support campaigns against Britain hoping to bully Britain into an
agreement.
 Meanwhile, Austria is pressuring Germany for a stronger alliance
and Germany must cooperate because other alliances are weak.
 Whole plan backfires when Russia and France sign the Franco-
Russian Dual Alliance of 1894 against Germany and Austria.
 Britain is isolated, turns attention to colonies, hoping Russia is
too distracted to support France. (they are correct in the end).
Students will understand how African
Colonization in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s led
to WWI (MAIN)
Africa:
Egypt and the Fashoda Crisis:
 After the fiasco over the Suez canal,
 France and England scramble for domination of the
Upper Nile in 1898.
 Britain takes the Sudan region and confronts France in
the Upper Nile. France realizes they are outmatched
and concedes the land.
 France is bitter, but turns their attention to Morocco and
Spain.
 Germany is paying attention.
French Domination:
Transvaal (Boer) region:
 Britain moved south of Sudan down the center of Africa
towards South Africa
 Germany scrambles for colonies in the Cameroons (East
Africa, and in South West Africa in an attempt to stop
British expansion.
 Germany supported Boer region through financial banking
and 20% of foreign investments in the region.
 Gold was discovered in Transvaal, under Boer government.
 Britain encouraged British explorers and prospectors to
expand into Transvaal in direct conflict with German
investment.
South Africa
Jameson Raid- 1895
 Unathorized raid and attempt to seize Transvaal.
 Failed to overthrow Boer government.
 Britain denied any involvement in raid, punished raiders with
trials in London.
(Ask me about this)
 Kaiser was angry at British government, felt they secretly
supported the raid.
 Remember they have unofficial dominance here because of
investments and banking.
 Sent a telegram congratulating and supporting Kruger and Boer
Government.
 Later Germany sent arms and financial support to Boer
government.
 German support upsets British. Confirm refusal to align with
Germany. Develop anti-German sentiments.
Boer War
 In 1899, Boer government attacks British colonies hoping
to remove British influence in area and expand into Cape
region.
 Boer government thought they would have support from
“Continental League”
 (France, Russia, Germany against Britain)
 France and Russia will not support Germany.
 My enemy’s enemy is my friend?
 Continental League could not cooperate with each
other.
 British defeat Boer government take Transvaal.
Warm up
Create an I.D. Outline
 Jameson Raid crisis?
 You have 10 minutes
 Have your outlines out so they can be
stamped for points.
Students will understand how Chinese
Colonization in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s led
to WWI (MAIN)
Opium Wars and Britain’s control of China
 Treaty of Nanking gave 5 open ports to the British including a colony in
Hong Kong and Singapore
 The Opium Wars marks the beginning of British imperial intentions in
China.
 Other empires including the United States and Japan (who developed a
trade agreement as early as 1854) dominated Chinese trade and
resources
 Japan emerged as a “modern state” in 1868 after the Meiji Restoration.
 Eventually the Chinese would fight against European dominance
during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900. They would fail but their actions
sparked a national revolution in 1911– More on this later.
1891: Russia gets it going
 Russia begins construction of the Trans-Siberian
Railway.
 Goal: Annex Manchuria, gain control of Korea (an ice
free port)
•Japan was in direct conflict with Russia over control
of Korea.
•Japan wanted Korea for resources, and politics.
•Britain does not want to compete with Russia in
China
Anglo-Japanese Treaty
of 1902
 Defensive alliance:
 Each country will remain neutral if the other country
goes to war.
 Only intervene if a 3rd power becomes involved in a
conflict.
 Why was the alliance signed?
 Who is this alliance aimed at specifically?
Russo-Japanese War of 1905
 British support allowed Japan to launch a surprise attack against
Russia at Port Arthur.
 Russia was unprepared for attack;
 Requested assistance from Germany and France
 Unstable at home (Bloody Sunday)

Revolution of 1905– We’ll come back.
 Refused to become involved (Continental Alliance failure, did
not want to tangle with Britain, Triple Entente, feared being
vulnerable)
 Treaty of Portsmouth (August 1905):
 Russia withdrew from Korea and Manchuria.
 Negotiated by United States– becoming recognized as a
world equal. Had contact with Japan already.
Anglo-Russian Agreements of 1907
 Russia knows now that they cannot compete against
Britain in Imperial affairs.
 Domestically, Russia is unstable and needs to focus on
building revolution. (Baby is sick too).
 Russia also concerned about an aggressive Germany or
Japan.
 Seeks cooperative agreement with Britain.
 Russia gave up interests in Afghanistan.
 Britain retains interest in Tibet under Chinese
sovereignty.
 Persia (Iran) is divided into two zones and shared
between two empires.
Students will understand how African
Colonization in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s led
to WWI (MAIN)
Wait… Russia and Britain are aligned? Whoa!
 The Entente between Russia and Britain makes France
nervous, especially since Russia and France have an
Entente.
 France seeks to strengthen relationship with Britain since
Germany is untrustworthy and already way too powerful.
 Anglo-French Colonial Entente Cordiale is signed to settle
issues in Imperial regions.
 This is an Agreement, Not an Alliance.
 Alliances require a war agreement, but none exists between
France and Britain.
 France accepts British domination in Egypt
 France gets Morocco without British
interference and promises not to interfere in
Gibraltar.
 France gives up Newfoundland interests for an
exchange in West Africa.
 Siam (Thailand) is divided into two zones.
 New Hebrides is shared jointly (Condominium)
Where are the Hebrides?
Scotland
So Anyway! We’re back.
 Germany FREAKS out over the agreements between
France and Britain regarding Morocco.
 Why?
Kaiser Wilhelm goes to Tangiers, Morocco (he
was on a cruise) solely to disrupt FrenchMoroccan agreements.
He declares that the Sultan is the ruler of
Morocco and as an Emperor, he will only deal
with the Sultan.
Two Moroccan Crises:
 Moroccan Crisis of 1905-1906
 Kaiser incites Nationalistic riots and forces France to
concede agreements.
 Algeciras Agreements
 France has controlling interest in Moroccan affairs.
 Free trade economy
 Moroccan Crisis of 1911
 Germany challenges French domination in Morocco
again and incites another nationalistic rebellion.
 Britain intervenes this time and scares Germany.
 France secretly negotiates for full control of Morocco in
exchange for some territory in the French Congo.
Triple Entente and German aggression
 British support of France, the Anglo-Russian Entente and
the French-Russian Entente eventually became an official,
but INFORMAL, agreement of support between these three
countries.
 All three countries were quick to clarify that the agreement
meant they would cooperate in domestic and international
affairs and would defend against German aggression.
 Germany works quickly to build itself up militarily and
economically in response to the Entente.
The Powder Keg of Europe and
the beginning of WWI
Bosnian Crisis 1908
 Turkey tried to seize the Balkan region.
 Austria and Russia worked together:
 Russia moved military ships to protect the region.
 Austria officially annexed Bosnia in response to their
cooperation with Russia.
 The agreement was never written down so when the
international community protested both countries
turned on the other country out of fear of repercussions.
Consequences of the Bosnian Crisis
 The annexation of Bosnia upset Serbia and other
Balkan countries and caused concern in the super
powers.
 Austria wanted to go to war with Serbia over Bosnia.
 Germany was prepared to support Serbia.
 Russia was prepared to go to war with Austria to
protect Serbia.
 France was not prepared to support Russia because
they were still negotiating the Moroccan crisis and
were trying to calm the British.
First Balkan War
 In 1912, Italy invaded Libya because they wanted to
start their own colonies (N. Africa- part of Turkey
empire)
 Italian success inspired other Balkan countries to
revolt for the last time.
 Serbia gained more strength and challenged Austrian
authority- Austria was willing to defend their
authority.
 All super powers (including Britain) announced their
support for their allies.
Second Balkan War
 Bulgaria decided to attack Serbia in 1913 for territory
and resources.
 Serbian allies helped suppress the attack and Bulgaria
was defeated and Serbia became even stronger and
turned their momentum against Austria.
 Austria wanted to attack first, but was being held back
by the fear of activating the alliance system. There was
no immediate justification for attacking...
………
28 June 1914
Will the real Emperor
please stand up?
• Personal tragedies.
• Eldest son of brother becomes heir:
• Disagreements between Joseph and Ferdinand
over Ferdinand’s common wife.
• When Ferdinand was assassinated, his death
triggered a major war, but Joseph never attended
his funeral (or his wedding).
What does this suggest for a Historian
studying the origins of WWI?
• Joseph died in 1916 in the midst of war. His grandnephew ascended the throne for two years until the
end of WWI.
• Joseph is the last significant monarch in central
Europe.
The shot that changed the world!
• Austria issues an ultimatum demanding that Serbia
allow Austria to hunt the terrorists (send an Austrian
military to Serbia)
• Serbia rejects the ultimatum.
• Austria declared war on Serbia.
• Germany offers Austria unconditional support
• Russia is torn.... WHY?
Chain Reaction!
• Austria declared war on Serbia
• Russia was hesitant but mobilized troops to send to
the border to support Serbia.
• Germany mobilized troops and issued an ultimatum
to Russia to stand down.
• When Russia didn’t respond to Germany, Germany
declared war against Russia
• France began mobilization against Germany to
support Russia and now Germany faced a two front
war.
Did the French Revolution
lead to the Path to Total War
New enlightened philosophies two major revolutions
 Congress of Vienna  carving of Europe 
Industrialization  series of revolutionary activity 
paranoid authoritarian governments  Armament
race  stronger armies, stronger navies,  Imperialism
 domination of global resources  economic
expansion global tensions between international
powers  tensions between people and governments
 new science and philosophies  unstable alliances
 creates unbearable tensions that snap with the
assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria WWI
What are the causes of WWI?
• MAIN
• MANIA
• ANIMAL
• Tomorrow we will discuss!
Choose one of the questions below
 In 1914, a mismanaged Balkan crisis caused the powers to
stumble into a general European war which had been
avoided in 1908 and 1912. To what extent do you agree
with this view?
 No one power alone bears the chief responsibility for the
causes of the First World War. To what extent do you
support this statement?
 Troubles in the Balkans from c1890 were the most
important factor in causing the outbreak of the First World
War. How far do you agree?
 To what extent do you agree that the Alliance System
created the First World War?
 Who or what is to blame for the First World War?