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World War I Breaks Out January 6, 2014 Objective: Identify the major causes of unrest in Europe Causes of WWI 1. 2. 3. 4. Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism 1. Militarism • Glorifying military power and preparing for war – If war came, it would be incredibly destructive – Britain: Navy – Germany: Army • Large standing army leads to both patriotism & fear • Conscription: military draft – Had been established in most Western nations • Military leaders became more powerful – Leaders began to make decisions for military instead of political reasons 2. Alliances by 1914 Triple Alliance Triple Entente • Germany • France • Austria-Hungary • Great Britain • Italy • Russia Tangled & unstable alliances! 3. Imperialism • Stronger country taking over a weaker nation – i.e., Balkan Crisis • Competition between European countries for overseas territories • Leads to rivalry & mistrust 4. Nationalism • Deep devotion to one’s own country – Can lead to competition between nations – Territorial disputes • Nationalism Imperialism Competition between nations Fighting Revenge • Not all ethnic groups had become nations so many still dreamed of their own national states Wait a minute… What’s going on? Oh, yeah! Okay, let’s review… • Balkan Peninsula • Balkan Wars – 1912-1913 – Mountainous peninsula in the SE corner of Europe • Decline of Ottoman Empire led to formation of Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania, & Serbia – Balkan League: Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria International Crisis in the Balkans • Balkan Crisis: 1912-1913 – Balkan League – Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria • Serbia, backed by Russia, wanted to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans • Austria-Hungary stands in their way Serbia • Archduke Franz Ferdinand – • Gavrilo Princip – 19 Austrian heir to the throne year-old member of the who was assassinated on Black Hand who June 28,1914 while visiting assassinates the Sarajevo (along with his Archduke wife) The Black Hand? • Serbian terrorist organization that wanted Bosnia to be free from Austria-Hungary What’s a leader to do? • A-H gov’t didn’t know if the Serbian gov’t had been directly involved in the assassination – Didn’t care! Wanted to attack Serbia in retaliation – But…feared Russia would intervene on Serbia’s behalf • So they asked for, and received, support from their German allies – “Blank check” from Emperor William II Alliance System Fulfilled • Austria’s declaration of war set off a chain reaction within the alliance system – Countries of Europe follow through on their pledges to support one another Triple Alliance Germany Austria Italy Triple Entente Great Britain France Russia Germany’s Schlieffen Plan • Attack France and then Russia • Speed vital • Since Germany knew France had troops all along their border, Germany decided to attack France’s unprotected northern border with Belgium • Germany invades Belgium, a neutral country, thus bringing Britain into the conflict •Britain declares war on Germany •By August 4, all the Great Powers of Europe were at war! European Nations Take Sides Central Powers • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Joins later: Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire Allied Powers • Great Britain • France • Russia • Joins later: Japan & Italy January 7, 2014 Objective: Identify the events that led to America’s entry into the war The Use of Propaganda • Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause • Most people believed that their nation’s cause was just • Many also believed that the war would be over in just a few short weeks The Western Front • Trench Warfare – Soldiers fought from parallel trenches – Armies traded huge losses for small land gains • “No man’s land” – Stretched between enemy lines – Filled with bomb craters and barbed wire – No soldier could survive there A Puzzling Phenomenon • Trench warfare was something that military leaders had no experience with – This was not a war of movement and manuever • The Great War becomes a war of attrition – A war based on wearing down the other side by constant attacks and heavy losses New Tools of War: Machine Guns New Tools of War: Poison Gas Introduced by the Germans but used by both sides Some gases caused blinding or severe blisters. Others caused death by choking New Tools of War: Armored Tanks Introduced by British in 1916 New Tools of War: Zeppelins New Tools of War: Zeppelins Because they were filled with hydrogen, zeppelins were easy to take down if hit by antiaircraft guns New Tools of War: Airplanes First used to take photographs of enemy lines and later to drop bombs New Tools of War: Submarines Introduced by Germany (known as U-boats) in 1914 New Tools of War: Larger Artillery Result of New Tools of War Kill huge numbers of people more effectively! U.S. Involvement • At first, tried to remain neutral • Britain set up a blockade of Germany which prevented Ger. from gaining war materials and other goods by sea – Ger. retaliated by setting up a blockade of Britain and utilized unrestricted submarine warfare Lusitania • British ship sunk by German u-boats – >100 American civilians were killed – Ger. suspended unrestricted warfare due to protest from U.S. (Sept. 1915) • Ended suspension in April 1917 Zimmerman Note Primary Source Activity The U.S. Enters the War • Justification for declaring war on Germany – Which was taken largely because of the German decision to resume unrestricted submarine warfare. • This, and the sinking of the Lusitania, brings the U.S. to join the Allies in 1917 The War’s End and Aftermath 14 Points – Wilson’s Plan for peace! • Proposed to Congress even before the end of the war • 1st five points – end secret treaties, reduce armies, free trade • 6-13 – New countries created • 14th point – created a League of Nations. What is the Big Four? • Refers to the member states that attended the 1919 Paris Peace Conference following World War I Who Represented the Big Four? David Lloyd George – England Woodrow Wilson – US Vittorio Orlando – Italy George Clemenceau – France What Did They Want? • Wilson: New world order based on democracy and international cooperation – Very idealistic! • George: Make the Germans pay for the war • Clemenceau: Revenge and security against future attacks from Germany – Germany stripped of all weapons – Reparations – Separate Rhineland as a buffer state between Fr. And Ger. The Big Three • Even though Italy was invited, the U.S., France, and Great Britain made most of the decisions • Germany was not invited to attend • Russia could not be present due to its own civil war • Side note: Had pulled troops out earlier when Russian Revolution started And “on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month”… (November 11, 1918) ARMISTICE is SIGNED Treaty of Versailles • Reparations - $ paid by losing side • War Guilt Clause – Germany is the sole cause of the war • Creates the League of Nations • Established 9 new countries – Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Latvia, Turkey • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France • Demilitarized Rhineland Treaty of Versailles – Main Points! •Blame •Reparations •Army •Territory • The main points of the Treaty [BRAT] 1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war 2. Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war. 3. Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men. • 4. Germa ny lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France. Legacy of Versailles • Germany in economic ruins • New natn’l boundaries leave every nation w/ethnic minorities • Mandates of colonial territories • Hitler’s rise to power • US pulls away from European affairs • Most of the wars of the 20th century, revolutions • Russians feel ignored Europe Before & After Casualty Toll • 4 years • 30 nations involved • > 40 million casualties • 26 million killed (1/2 civilian) • 20 million injured • 10 million refugees • $350 million dollars spent • Lands destroyed Long-Term Consequences of WWI • • • • • Destruction of Eastern and Central European empires Communism in Russia Instability in Eastern Europe Social and political transformation Further industrialization and modernization of European economies • German resentment • General decline in European economic and global power Europe After WWI