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Transcript
1914-1918: The World at War By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” Causes of the War 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers: The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H] Europe in 1914 2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73% 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries 4. Aggressive Nationalism Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe The “Spark” Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family The Assassination: Sarajevo The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Who’s To Blame? • Assassination was seen by Austria as an opportunity to render Serbia impotent once and for all, fearful of Russian intervention, Austria got a blank check from their German ally. • Austria issued an ultimatum to Serbia on July 23, it was so extreme Serbia had to reject it, leading to Austria to declare war on Serbia. • Russia mobilized their troops, Germany gave them 12 hours to stand down, when Russia did not, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1. • What about France? The Schlieffen Plan • German plan for a 2 front war with France and Russia. • Rapid invasion of France by way of neutral Belgium. • Once France fell, they would face the Russians on the eastern front. • Once the plan was set, Germany declared war on France and violated Belgium neutrality by marching troops through. • This led GB to declare war on Germany. German Atrocities in Belgium Mobilization Home by Christmas! All Euro wars since 1815 had just been a few weeks. No major war in 50 years! Nationalism! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! Recruitment Posters A Young Australian Recruit Recruits of the Central Powers A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother AustroHungarians New French Recruits A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier Soldiers Mobilized 14 12 Millions 10 8 6 4 2 0 France Germany Russia Britain • Most people believed their nation’s cause was just and put aside internal differences to fight for their country. • War provided a release from everyday life, an adventure and redemption for the materialism that had taken over European culture. Women and the War Effort TOTAL WAR Total War- war that impacts citizens as well. Conscription became normal in almost all European countries at war. Wartime governments grew in power, free market capitalism was temporarily shelved as food was rationed, imports and exports regulated and transportation systems and factories nationalized. As the war dragged on, internal dissatisfaction replaced nationalism. Internal opposition to the war came from two main sources, the liberals and socialists. Soldiers mutinied, war time governments fought back by using propaganda and continued expansion of government powers. Financing the War For Recruitment Munitions Workers With millions of men fighting, everyone else who was able to work, had a job. The labor cause was helped by the war and governments cooperated with trade unions to prevent disruption of wartime production. Women were able to have jobs never open to them before. Women’s wages increased but were still not equal to men. But by the end of the war, governments quickly removed women from the jobs they had taken earlier. Women did gain the right to vote in several countries though French Women Factory Workers German Women Factory Workers Working in the Fields A Woman Ambulance Driver Red Cross Nurses Women in the Army Auxiliary Russian Women Soldiers Spies “Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy! Posters: Wartime Propaganda Australian Poster American Poster Financing the War German Poster Think of Your Children! The Western Front: A “War of Attrition” A Multi-Front War The Western Front • Germans underestimated how quick England would mobilize. • Germans were stopped 20 miles from Paris at the Battle of Marne but the French army was so exhausted to pursue them. • The war turned into a stalemate, with neither the French or the Germans being able to dislodge each other from the trenches they had dug for shelter. • Two lines of trenches extended from the English channel To the frontiers of Switzerland. S • The Western Front was on of trench warfare now, where neither side moved for almost 4 years. Trench Warfare • Trench lines protected by barb wire 3 to 5 feet high and 30 yards wide. • Concrete machine gun nests. • Mortar batteries, supported by heavy artillery. • Troops lived in holes in the ground, separated from the other side by no man’s land. Trench Warfare • The space between opposing trenches, Generals couldn’t figure out how to break the stalemate, so they kept throwing masses of men against enemy lines after battering them with artillery. • These attacks rarely worked as opposing machine guns mowed down men in no man’s land. • Millions died trying to “breakthrough” “No Man’s Land” Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive. Germany had 430,000 and the French 500,000 casualties over a few miles of land The Somme – July, 1916 British and French offensive and won 7 miles. 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. 400,000 overall, the French lost 200,000 and the Germans 650,000 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. War Is HELL !! Sacrifices in War Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun The Eastern Front • Russian army was defeated in eastern Germany at the Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes. The Russians were no longer a threat to German territory. • Austria fared worse, the Russians kicked them out of Serbia and Italy switched to the Allied powers side and attacked Austria in 1915. • Germany came to their aide and helped defeat a Russian army- by now Russian causalities were at 2.5 million, Russia ended their part of the war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1916 • Serbia was eliminated from the war in 1915. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915 • Nov. 1914- Ottoman Empire enters the war on the side of the Central powers, closing the Turkish straits to the Allies who needed to get supplies to a failing Russia. • The British attacked the Gallipoli campaign but were defeated. • The British withdrew in 1916 Turkish Cavalry in Palestine Russians succeeded in turning back the Turks in 1915, who blamed the Armenians, accusing them of siding with the Russians and massacring them. Under Lawrence of Arabia, the British succeeded in invading Palestine and defeating the Turks to open up a land route to Russia. T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18 T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19 The “Colonial” Fronts Sikh British Soldiers in India Fighting in Africa Africans were drafted to fight and for labor, 80,000 died in combat and 100,000 from labor. Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] British Sikh Mountain Gunners Fighting in Africa 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916 America Joins the Allies The Sinking of the Lusitania Germans sank a British passenger ship, killing 139 Americans, American protests caused the Germans to reduce their submarine warfare, but renewed it in 1917 hoping to knock the British out of the war before the Americans entered. The Zimmerman Telegram Revealed on March 1 ,1917Germans proposed to give Texas, New Mexico and Arizona to Mexico if they attacked America. This along with unrestricted submarine warfare caused the US to declare war in April, although US troops didn’t get to the front in France until almost a year later. The Yanks Are Coming! Americans in the Trenches The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology French Renault Tank Tanks introduced in 1916, not very effective, but by 1918, they were much more effective, but it was really to late for them to have an effect on WW1, but in WW2, they would be essential. British Tank at Ypres U-Boats Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats The Airplane First used to spot enemy positions, but soon began to attack ground targets and enemy communications. First pilots fired on each other with hand held pistols, later machine guns were mounted. “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917 The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br. Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant Looking for the “Red Baron?” The Zeppelin Germans used these giant airships to bomb London and eastern England. They caused little damage but frightened people until the Allies discovered they became raging infernos when hit by antiaircraft guns Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers Poison Gas Machine Gun “Art” of World War I “A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918 “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917 “Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914 “Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918 “Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917 German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed! 9,000,000 Dead Devastated European civilization, between 8-9 million dead on the battlefield and 22 million wounded. Birthrates across Europe declined. Created a “lost generation” of men accustomed to violence. Civilians died from starvation, civil war, or the war itself or genocide (as occurred in Armenia with over 1 million dead. The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died World War I Casualties 10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 Russia Germany Austria-Hungary France Great Britain Italy Turkey US Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come! Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922 Erzerum 215,000 1,500 Van 197,000 500 Kharbert 204,000 35,000 Diarbekir 124,000 3,000 Bitlis 220,000 56,000 Sivas 225,000 16,800 Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000 European Turkey 194,000 163,000 73,390 15,000 2,133,190 387,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Trapizond District Total