Download File - Coach Wilkinson`s AP Euro Site

1914-1918:
The World
at War
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley H. S.
Chappaqua, NY
Differing Viewpoints
 “Family Feud”
 “Fall of the Eagles”
 “The War to End All Wars”
 “The War to ‘Make the
World Safe for Democracy’”
Causes
of the
War
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]
Europe in 1914
2. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
4. Aggressive Nationalism
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
The
“Spark”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand &
His Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
Who’s To Blame?
• Assassination was seen by Austria as an opportunity to render Serbia impotent
once and for all, fearful of Russian intervention, Austria got a blank check from
their German ally.
• Austria issued an ultimatum to Serbia on July 23, it was so extreme Serbia had
to reject it, leading to Austria to declare war on Serbia.
• Russia mobilized their troops, Germany gave them 12 hours to stand down,
when Russia did not, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1.
• What about France?
The Schlieffen Plan
• German plan for a 2 front
war with France and Russia.
• Rapid invasion of France by
way of neutral Belgium.
• Once France fell, they would
face the Russians on the
eastern front.
• Once the plan was set,
Germany declared war on
France and violated Belgium
neutrality by marching troops
through.
• This led GB to declare war
on Germany.
German Atrocities in Belgium
Mobilization
 Home by Christmas!
All
Euro wars since 1815 had just been
a few weeks.
 No major war
in 50 years!
 Nationalism!
It's a long way to Tipperary,
It's a long way to go;
It's a long way to Tipperary,
To the sweetest girl I know!
Goodbye, Piccadilly,
Farewell, Leicester Square,
It's a long, long way to Tipperary,
But my heart's right there!
Recruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the
Central Powers
A German Soldier
Says Farewell to
His Mother
AustroHungarians
New French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a
Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
• Most people believed their nation’s cause was just and put aside internal differences to
fight for their country.
• War provided a release from everyday life, an adventure and redemption for the
materialism that had taken over European culture.
Women
and the
War
Effort
TOTAL WAR
 Total War- war that impacts citizens as well.
 Conscription became normal in almost all European countries at war.
 Wartime governments grew in power, free market capitalism was
temporarily shelved as food was rationed, imports and exports regulated
and transportation systems and factories nationalized.
 As the war dragged on, internal dissatisfaction replaced nationalism.
Internal opposition to the war came from two main sources, the liberals
and socialists.
 Soldiers mutinied, war time governments fought back by using
propaganda and continued expansion of government powers.
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
With millions of men fighting, everyone else who was
able to work, had a job.
The labor cause was helped by the war and
governments cooperated with trade unions to prevent
disruption of wartime production.
Women were able to have jobs never open to them
before.
Women’s wages increased but were still not equal to
men.
But by the end of the war, governments quickly
removed women from the jobs they had taken earlier.
Women did gain the right to vote in several countries
though
French Women Factory
Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies
 “Mata Hari”
 Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
 German Spy!
Posters:
Wartime
Propaganda
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
German Poster
Think of Your Children!
The Western
Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front
• Germans underestimated how quick
England would mobilize.
• Germans were stopped 20 miles from Paris
at the Battle of Marne but the French army
was so exhausted to pursue them.
• The war turned into a stalemate, with neither
the French or the Germans being able to
dislodge each other from the trenches they
had dug for shelter.
• Two lines of trenches extended from the
English channel To the frontiers of
Switzerland. S
• The Western Front was on of trench warfare
now, where neither side moved for almost 4
years.
Trench Warfare
• Trench lines protected by barb
wire 3 to 5 feet high and 30
yards wide.
• Concrete machine gun nests.
• Mortar batteries, supported by
heavy artillery.
• Troops lived in holes in the
ground, separated from the
other side by no man’s land.
Trench Warfare
• The space between opposing trenches, Generals
couldn’t figure out how to break the stalemate, so
they kept throwing masses of men against enemy
lines after battering them with artillery.
• These attacks rarely worked as opposing machine
guns mowed down men in no man’s land.
• Millions died trying to “breakthrough”
“No Man’s
Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
 German offensive.
 Germany had 430,000 and the French 500,000
casualties over a few miles of land
The Somme – July, 1916
 British and French offensive and won 7 miles.
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
400,000 overall, the French lost 200,000 and the
Germans 650,000
 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
The
Eastern
Front
• Russian army was defeated in eastern Germany at
the Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes. The
Russians were no longer a threat to German
territory.
• Austria fared worse, the Russians kicked them out
of Serbia and Italy switched to the Allied powers
side and attacked Austria in 1915.
• Germany came to their aide and helped defeat a
Russian army- by now Russian causalities were at
2.5 million, Russia ended their part of the war with
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1916
• Serbia was eliminated from the war in 1915.
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
• Nov. 1914- Ottoman Empire enters the war on the
side of the Central powers, closing the Turkish
straits to the Allies who needed to get supplies to a
failing Russia.
• The British attacked the Gallipoli campaign but were
defeated.
• The British withdrew in 1916
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
Russians succeeded in turning back the Turks in 1915, who blamed the Armenians,
accusing them of siding with the Russians and massacring them.
Under Lawrence of Arabia, the British succeeded in invading Palestine and
defeating the Turks to open up a land route to Russia.
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince
Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19
The
“Colonial”
Fronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa
Africans were drafted to fight and
for labor, 80,000 died in combat
and 100,000 from labor.
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from
Cochin, China - 1916
America
Joins
the
Allies
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
Germans sank a British passenger ship, killing 139 Americans,
American protests caused the Germans to reduce their
submarine warfare, but renewed it in 1917 hoping to knock the
British out of the war before the Americans entered.
The Zimmerman Telegram
Revealed on March 1 ,1917Germans proposed to give
Texas, New Mexico and
Arizona to Mexico if they
attacked America.
This along with unrestricted
submarine warfare caused the
US to declare war in April,
although US troops didn’t get
to the front in France until
almost a year later.
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of
the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
French Renault Tank
Tanks introduced in 1916, not very effective, but by 1918, they were
much more effective, but it was really to late for them to have an
effect on WW1, but in WW2, they would be essential.
British Tank at Ypres
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane
First used to spot
enemy positions,
but soon began to
attack ground
targets and enemy
communications.
First pilots fired on
each other with
hand held pistols,
later machine
guns were
mounted.
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
Germans used these giant airships to bomb London and eastern
England. They caused little damage but frightened people until the
Allies discovered they became raging infernos when hit by
antiaircraft guns
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
“Art”
of
World
War I
“A Street in Arras”
John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”
Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”
C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
German Cartoon:
“Fit for active service!”, 1918
1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
9,000,000 Dead
Devastated European civilization, between 8-9 million dead on the battlefield and
22 million wounded.
Birthrates across Europe declined. Created a “lost generation” of men accustomed
to violence.
Civilians died from starvation, civil war, or the war itself or genocide (as occurred in
Armenia with over 1 million dead.
The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total