Download An American cartoonist in 1888 depicted John Bull (England) as the

Ch. 26 Imperialism, Alliances, and
War
Josiah Strong, Anglo-Saxon
Predominance, 1891
• What two ideas make Anglo-Saxons the great
representatives of mankind?
• In paragraph 1, what support is there for the
dominance of Anglo-Saxons?
• Why does Strong envision a “final competition
of races”?
• How does Strong’s support for Anglo-Saxons
would have supported the emergence of
imperialism in the mid-1800s?
Social Darwinism
a concept that competition among all
individuals, groups, nations, or ideas drives
social evolution in human societies
New Imperialism
• Imperialism
– Establishing authority over another nation by
exercising economic or political force or by
territorial acquisition
• How does the belief in Social Darwinism lead
to an increase in imperialism in the late 19th
and early 20th century by European countries?
• Think about Josiah Strong’s view of the world.
Darwin and Social Darwinism
• The Origins of Species (1859)“natural
selection”certain members of a species
inherit traits that make them more successful
in survival
• Social Darwinism“survival of the fittest”
(Herbert Spencer)advanced humans evolve;
simpler forms of life abandoned
– Eugenicsselective breeding of humans
• Used to justify the idea that Europeans were
superior to Africans and Asiansdominate
them
Why Imperialism?
• Read your selected document.
• Under the heading “Motives for New
Imperialism” write the purpose of imperialism
based on your reading.
• Share your reason with your group.
• Record your group’s findings
Motives for the New Imperialism
• Economic: trade and invest; raw materials
• Cultural: Social/Racial Darwinists believed
Europeans must “civilize” the beasts
– Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”
• Religious: Spread of Christianity
• Political: Defer attention from domestic policy;
rampant nationalism and competition with
other nations
• Military: naval bases needed to protect
overseas interests
The Impact of the Second
Industrial Revolution
• How would the new technologies,
transportation, and medicines allow for the
increase in European imperialism?
Technological Supremacy
• European supremacy items
– Breech-loading rifles and rapid-fire weapons
– Steam-driven river boats
– Telegraph
– Discovery of quininetreatment for malaria
New Imperialism: Africa and Asia
Imperialism in Africa
• Underline/highlight the following things:
– Why slavery ended
– European trade with Africa
– Time of imperialism and European countries
involved
– European supremacy
– Time of De-colonization
– Positive effects of imperialism
– Problems of imperialism
• Use seven colors and shade the map (leave
Independents blank)
Map 25–1 IMPERIAL
EXPANSION IN AFRICA TO
1880 Until the 1880s, few
European countries held
colonies in Africa, mostly on
its fringes.
The Scramble for Africa
• Between the late 1870s and 1900 European powers
divided the entire continent among themselves,
motivated by economic and political competition.
• Important African raw materials include ivory,
rubber, minerals, diamonds, and gold.
• Berlin Conference of 1885
– Mapped out which European nation had access to
certain parts of Africa.
• European nations appointed administrators to
supervise their African possessions.
Elephant tusks in Central Africa. Ivory was a prized possession used for decorative
purposes and jewelry.
Caravan with Ivory, French Congo, (now the Republic of the Congo). Robert Visser (1882–1894). c. 1890–1900, postcard, collotype. Publisher unknown, ©1900. Postcard 1912. Image No.
EEPA 1985-140792. Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives. National Museum of African Art/Smithsonian Institution
Map 25–2 PARTITION OF
AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before
1880, the European presence
in Africa was largely the
remains of early exploration
by old imperialists and did not
penetrate the heart of the
continent. By 1914, the
occupying powers included
most large European states;
only Liberia and Abyssinia
(Ethiopia) remained
independent.
Regions of Africa
• Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco had fallen into
the hands of the French before WWI
• Libya, once part of the Ottoman Empire, was
taken by the Italians
• 1870s—Belgians, Germans, and French began
to lay claim to lands in southern Africa
Map 25–2 PARTITION OF
AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before
1880, the European presence
in Africa was largely the
remains of early exploration
by old imperialists and did not
penetrate the heart of the
continent. By 1914, the
occupying powers included
most large European states;
only Liberia and Abyssinia
(Ethiopia) remained
independent.
Belgian Congo
• King Leopold financed African
explorations on behalf of Belgium
• Berlin Conference outlined
European areas of interest
• Leopold cultivated the image of a
humanitarian ruler while
imposing brutal conditions on
residents of the Congo.
• In thirty years as ruler,
approximately one-half of the
residents of the Congo were
victims of murder, exploitation,
starvation, and disease.
Map 25–2 PARTITION OF
AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before
1880, the European presence
in Africa was largely the
remains of early exploration
by old imperialists and did not
penetrate the heart of the
continent. By 1914, the
occupying powers included
most large European states;
only Liberia and Abyssinia
(Ethiopia) remained
independent.
Southern Africa
• Important resources include fertile pastures and
farm land, deposits of coal, iron ore, gold, diamonds,
and copper.
• Partially inhabited by the Afrikaners, or Boers,
descendents of Dutch settlers
• After a series of bloody wars, the British arranged
with the Boers for a white-only ruling class.
• Apartheid
– “Separateness” – the policy that segregated non-whites
and granted virtually no civil rights in South Africa.
Map 25–2 PARTITION OF
AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before
1880, the European presence
in Africa was largely the
remains of early exploration
by old imperialists and did not
penetrate the heart of the
continent. By 1914, the
occupying powers included
most large European states;
only Liberia and Abyssinia
(Ethiopia) remained
independent.
Egypt
• Won independence from Ottomans in mid-1800s
• Sold cotton as a cash crop on the international
market.
• Financed the Suez Canal through foreign loans.
• The bankrupt government was overthrown by the
army in 1881
• Britain defeated the army and installed
administrators to ensure repayment of their loans for
the Suez Canal and access to the path to India.
• Became a British protectorate in the 1880s
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 was a major engineering achievement that linked
Asia to Europe. It also became a major international waterway benefiting all maritime
states reducing the distance from London to Bombay in half.
Key Color/Index Stock Imagery, Inc.
Conflict over Africa
• Almost every inch of Africa will be colonized
• Exceptions: Ethiopia defeated Italy in 1896
and Liberia b/c of link to U.S.
• Rivalries from Europe continued into Africa
• Britain and France over Sudan (1898)
• Germany and France over Morocco (1905)
• Britain against S. Africans in Boer War
• India
Imperialism in Asia
– Indirect control
– Sepoy Mutiny and
Queen Victoria
– Modernizing India
– Effects of nationalism
• China
–
–
–
–
–
Opium Wars
Treaty of Nanking
Spheres of influence
Open Door Policy
Boxer Rebellion
• Japan
–
–
–
–
American contact
Meiji Restoration
Japanese wars
Significance of strong
Japan
India
• 1857—Sepoy Mutiny of native troops against
their Indian overlords and British East India
Company
– Crushed by Britain and led to greater involvement
• Britain did not interfere in social structure of
their colonies and did implement educational
reforms and technological advances
• Britain was the most enlightened colonial
power
China
• Carved into spheres of influence by Western powers after
Opium Wars
• China fought several European powers over control
– Result: China gave treaty ports to European powers
• Exclusive trading rights were given to Western nations
• Open Door Policy (1899)
– Proposed by the US, opposed foreign annexations in China
and equal opportunity to all nations to trade there.
• Boxer Rebellion by Chinese Nationalists crushed by Western
powers
Japan
• Resisted Western imperialism
• 1853 the U.S. opened relations with Japan
through Commodore Matthew Perry
• Under the Meiji emperor, modernization
occurred with elements of Western industry,
military, and education
• Japan pursued own imperialism by defeating
China for control of Korean peninsula and
defeating Russia for control of Manchuria
Other Areas of Conquest
• Dutchexpanded their Dutch East India
Company in Indonesia
• French seized Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia,
Laos
• Germans occupied islands in the Pacific
• Russia expanded their control into Persia
(Iran)
• US seized the Philippines from Spain
Asia
• The emergence of Japan as a great power frightened
the other powers interested in China.
• The United States exerted great influence in the
Western Hemisphere by virtue of the Monroe
Doctrine.
• After the Spanish American War, the United States
had influence over Cuba, Puerto Rico, part of the
Philippines, Samoa, and would soon control Hawaii.
• The Ottoman Empire remained vulnerable and had
been in decline since the late seventeenth century.
An American cartoonist in
1888 depicted John Bull
(England) as the octopus of
imperialism, grabbing land
on every continent.
The Granger Collection
The French in Morocco Many
imperialists—European, American, and
Asian—claimed altruistic motives for their
acquisition of colonies. The French,
especially, have always taken pride in
bringing “French civilization” to the lands
France ruled. This cover of a magazine
appeared in November 1911, the year when
the French decision to extend and tighten
their control of Morocco sparked a serious
international crisis. It is a good example of
how France justified its colonial empire as a
“mission civilitrice,” a vocation to bring
civilization to “backward” peoples.
The Granger Collection