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TRANSITION Europe in the th14 15th Centuries The 14th Century Cataclysm Events of the 14th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire, early expansion into the early Balkans : Osman I, 1st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire The Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes from Italy to France The Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people in Europe The death of the Ilkhan Abu Said in 1335, causes the disintegration of the Mongol rule in Persia. The Hundred Years' War begins when Edward III of England lays claim to the French throne in 1337. Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans 1431 Black Death kills around a third of the population of Europe. (1347–1351). Pieter Breughel, The Triumph of Death Black Death: Bubonic Plague One of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. Started in Central Asia, it reached the Crimea by 1346 From there, it spread throughout the Mediterranean and Europe -- probably from black rats on merchant ships, Estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population World population fell from about 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. The plague returned at various times, resulting in a larger number of deaths, until it left Europe in the 19th century. The Dance of Death The Bubonic Plague Boccaccio’s Decameron Collection of 100 novelle with a frame tale Frame tale realistically details the Black Death in Italy Novelle: short tales based set in realistic settings with a variety of characters from all social classes Economic Effects of the Plague Labor shortage Demand for workers End of feudal system Serfs left manors to which they had been bound – often for the cities Villeins (free peasants) became tenant farmers or landowners Workers’ riots France 1358: The Jacquerie England 1380: Peasants’ Revolt led by Wat Tyler A Counting House 14th c. ms. Medieval Towns Rise of the Middle Class – merchants, artisans, professionals – dependant on commercial exchanges Guilds – trade “unions” – protected buyers and sellers Charters of self-government – city-states with elected officials Bourgeois vernacular literature Fabliaux: humorous narratives Novelle: realistic, contemporary stories Dits: urban poetry Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, c. 1390 Chaucer’s masterpiece Frame: Pilgrimage from London to Canterbury Brilliant portraits of English characters Tales include many genres: romance, sermon, fabilaux, lai, etc. Christine de Pisan 1364-ca. 1430 First European professional female author Prominent in the “Debate about Women” Works include courtesy books, military treatises, dream visions and The Book of the City of Women From Christine de Pisan, 'Works'. Copyright ©, The British Library Book of the City of Ladies, 1405 The Hundred Years War 1337-1453 100 Years' War Battle of Nogent-sur-Seine The Hundred Years War 1337-1453 Struggle between the English and French over territories in France and the French crown claimed by England – result of Norman Conquest in 1066 Importance: the war gave impetus to ideas of both French and English nationality: nation states the introduction of new weapons and tactics, which eroded the older system of feudal armies dominated by heavy cavalry: the longbow gunpowder – introduced by Muslims from China foot soldiers (infantry) – peasant military the first standing armies in Western Europe since the Roman Empire Territories in dispute Jeanne d’Arc 1412-1431 May 1429: Led French army to victory at Orleans July 1429: French army under her command captured Rheims and the Dauphin was crowned Charles VII 1430: Captured by Burgundians and sold to the English 1431: Tried and convicted of heresy A miniature of Joan of Arc, painted some time between 1450 and 1500. Notice the three saints sitting above her shoulder. 1431: Burnt at the stake 1456: Retrial called by Pope Callixtus III: Joan was declared a martyr. The court declared her innocence on 7 July 1456. 1909: Joan of Arc was beatified 1920: JOAN OF ARC was CANONIZED by Pope Benedict XV Classical Humanists Classical Humanism All- embracing appreciation for Greco-Roman culture in all its aspects. Rebirth of classical culture: art, architecture, philosophy, literature Emphasis on the individual – a rational guide to self-fulfillment Check out Petrarch, Alberti, Pico della Mirandola, Castiglione, Machiavelli, and Lucretia Marinelli on the aspects of the Renaissance individual. The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire 14th-20th C. Oghuz tribes settled in Turkey in the 11th C. By 1400, the Ottomans had managed to extend their influence over much of Turkey and into eastern Europe: Macedonia and Bulgaria. 1453: Sultan Mehmed (1451-1481), called "The Conqueror," finally took Constantinople, the one last remnant of Christian Byzantium and renamed it, Istanbul. Under Sultan Suleyman (1520-1566), called "The Lawmaker" in Islamic history and "The Magnificent" in Europe, the empire reached its greatest expansion over Asia and Europe. Suleyman Ottoman Empire REFORMATIONS Challenges to the Hegemony of the Roman Catholic Church 12th C: Cathar Heresy – countered by Crusade against Cathars 13th C: Establishment of the Inquisition (1233): court established to stamp out heresy 14th C: John Wyclif (1328-84): first English Bible: Lollard Movement Jan Hus (1369-1415): launched religious movement in Bohemia based on Wyclif’s ideas: Hussites. Excommunicated and burned at the stake. Challenges to the Hegemony of the Roman Catholic Church 15th C: William Tyndale (1484-1536): first printed English Bible Rise of nation-states – breakdown of medieval centralization under Church and Pope 16th C: Humanist reaction against Church corruption Weaknesses in Roman Catholic Church Administrative divisions: competing Popes Proliferation of questionable rituals Pilgrimages Saint worship Endowment of masses Corruption Sale of Indulgences – certificates of remission from Purgatory Simony – sale of Church offices Northern Renaissance Rise of Middle Class that patronized the arts and valued education Christian Humanism Interest in classical humanism Renewal of spiritual values and teachings of early Church Fathers Criticism of Church corruption and materialism The Printing Press Although printing with movable type had existed in East Asia since at least the 700's, the invention had not spread to Europe. About 1440, the German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg developed movable type. Printing soon became the first means of mass communication. It put more knowledge in the hands of more people faster and more cheaply than ever before. Reading and writing spread widely and rapidly. Erasmus by Hans Holbein Northern Renaissance: Christian Humanism Grew out of German Universities Renaissance classical studies: Greek and Latin Focused on study and translation of early Christian manuscripts Revival of Church life and doctrine based on early Christian literature Sir Thomas More by Hans Holbein Rabelais Lutheran Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546) Augustinian monk and Biblical scholar 1517: Nailed 95 Theses on Church door at Wittenberg: particularly incensed by selling of indulgences German translation of Bible “Justification by faith alone” and “The Priesthood of all believers” Lutheran Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546) Two sacraments: Baptism and Holy Communion Consubstantiation rather than Transubstantiation Advocated universal education Wrote hymns: “A Mighty Fortress Is Our God” Supported by bourgeoisie, merchants, German princes Countered Peasants’ Revolt Lutheran Reformation: Music Luther saw music as a form of religious instruction Hymnals: collections of religious songs Professional and congregational singing in vernacular languages Chorale: congregational hymn – communal expression of devotion “Ein feste Burg is unser Gott” : “A Mighty Fortress is Our God” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiRpUtVByxU Albrecht Dürer 1471-1528 Portraits, landscapes, naturalistic studies, religious meditations Woodcut engravings Mass produced images Illustrated books Available to wide population Albrecht Dürer Praying Hands woodcut print Albrecht Dürer Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse woodcut print Book of Revelation (6:1–8): "And I saw, and behold, a white horse, and its rider had a bow; and a crown was given to him, and he went out conquering and to conquer. When he opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature say, 'Come!' And out came another horse, bright red; its rider was permitted to take peace from the earth, so that men should slay one another; and he was given a great sword. When he opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature say, 'Come!' And I saw, and behold, a black horse, and its rider had a balance in his hand; … When he opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature say, 'Come!' And I saw, and behold, a pale horse, and its rider's name was Death, and Hades followed him; and they were given great power over a fourth of the earth; to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by wild beasts of the earth." Political Reformation Henry VIII and the Anglican Church Political Reformation Henry VIII (1491-1547) Proclaimed “Defender of the Faith” by Pope Clement VII when he countered Luther’s arguments Sought divorce from Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn: refused by Pope 1534: Act of Supremacy: declared the king as head of Church of England – Anglican Church Ordered dissolution of monasteries: transfer of property to crown; iconoclasm The Tudor Monarchs Henry VIII 1509-1547 Edward VI 1547-1553 Lady Jane Grey 1553-1553 Mary I 1553-1558 Elizabeth I 1558-1603 Reformed Churches Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Swiss Humanist scholar Salvation by grace and works Baptism as a covenant/contract Reformed Churches: Calvinism John Calvin (1509-64) French Doctor of Law Refuted RC opposition to usury: capitalism Predestination Established theocratic state in Geneva, Switzerland Church governance: presbyterian, synodal, congregationalist Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians John Knox (1505-72) Scottish Presbyterianism Originally ordained a Roman Catholic priest, Knox became a Protestant and studied with Calvin in Switzerland. On his return to Scotland, he became the leader of the Scottish Reformed Church Knox and his supporters began to reshape the Scottish church-theologically and politically. Radical Reformation: Anabaptists Rejected all sacraments as sources of God’s grace: total emphasis on Christian conscience and voluntary acceptance of Christ Adult baptism: rebaptism – considered heretical by other Protestants The Mass is not a sacrifice but a memorial – restricted to baptized believers Pacifist Anti-secular: religious separation from secular world Shunning of sinners Radical Reformation: Anabaptists Appealed to lower classes and peasants: Peasants Wars 1525-35 Persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants – often burned at stake Freedom of religion: priesthood of all believers, Bible as sole authority, ordinances rather than sacraments, separation of church and state Genealogy: Baptism and Confirmation Registries Amish, Hutterites, Waldensians, Mennonites, Quakers, Baptists, 7th Day Adventists, Jehovah’s Witnesses Anglican Catholic CounterReformation Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) founder of the Jesuits Catholic Counter-Reformation Council of Trent (1545-63) Called for moral reform of clergy Strengthened Church structures and institutions Proclamation of dogmas Affirmation of both Faith and Works Transubstantiation Establishment of Society of Jesus (Jesuits) under Ignatius Loyola Vigorous missionary work in Americas and Asia Revitalization of religious art: Baroque Reformation Repercussions Rivalry between Spain and England 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada Religious wars in France (1560-98) The Thirty Years War (1618-48) Revival of the Inquisition’s persecution of heretics “The Burning Times” -- Witch-hunts (1550-1750) Religious Persecution Migration to the New World for religious freedom French Huguenots to Florida – driven out by Spanish Puritans to New England Quakers and Amish to Pennsylvania Roman Catholics to Maryland