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FINAL EXAM
Test Review
Greek Legacy
• Considered foundation of Western Civilization
• Developed Direct Democracy
• Did not rely on superstition
• Developed 3-branches of Government
• Heavily influenced the Romans
ROMAN EMPIRE
Rules Europe for 1,000 years!
Established 1st Republic
Embraced Written Law
Adopted Christianity
Had written language
Collapses in 476 CE
Middle Ages follow rule of Rome: 500-1200 CE
(Latin)
Renaissance/Reformation
Middle Ages
Collapse of Roman Empire:
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Marks start of Middle Ages (500-1200)
Leads to eventual formation of 47 new countries
Allows the Roman Catholic Church to rise in power
Begins a period of “cultural” decline
End of the Middle Ages
• Europe suffered through both war and
plague
• The Black Death (bubonic plague) killed 1/3rd of
the population in Europe [1300-1350]
Development of the Renaissance
1300-1600
The Middle Ages
Trade Expands
Merchants gain wealth/power
City-States develop
Individualism
Secularism
Humanism
New “modern” society
Renaissance Italy
• Key Historical changes:
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Social:
Economic:
Cultural:
Religious:
• Political:
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Increased city living
Increased Trade & Banking
New focus on art & literature
Less focus on “afterlife”
Merchant class gained power
Time Period
Significant Contribution
Techniques/Styles
Artists/Other
(Themes/Subject Matter)
Late
Middle Ages
Religious/Biblical
Stiff, Still
Life of Christ
Extensive use of Gold
Flat 2D
Tapestry, Mosaic, Stained glass
Relief sculpture (flat) wood, stone
Painted on wood
Limited painting (egg tempura)
Not known, did not sign
work
Biblical/ old & new Testament
Allegorical
Portraits/ Middle Class Merchants
Glorified beauty & youth
Ability to make “prints” developed
Fresco painting
Oil painting on wood & canvas
3D-depth (perspective)
Marble used for sculpture
Michelangelo
Rafael
Botticelli
Da Vinci
Mocked the Church
--had complaints with Roman Church
Genre (everyday life)
Symbolism
1st to use oil
Very vibrant
Not as life like--but more detailed
3D paintings—not as accurate
Van Eyck
Durer
Bosch
Bruegel
900-1300
Italian
Renaissance
Northern
Renaissance
(Flanders,
Belgium,
Germany)
The Reformation Begins
• The 95 Theses unleashed a revolution
• Luther did not want to split with the church
• He only wanted to start a debate
– He was VERY surprised by the revolution
End Result of Reformation
• Protestant Churches flourish
• Religion no longer united Europe
• Monarchs and States gained power
• Paved way for the Nation-State
Scientific
Revolution/Enlightenment
1st Challenge to old Science
• Occurred in ASTRONOMY
• Old Belief: Geocentric Theory
• Copernicus develops heliocentric theory
Why was Copernicus
Scared?
Copernicus
Galileo Galilei
Supported & expanded work of Copernicus
The Enlightenment
• What:
1600’s marks the beginning of intellectual
period known as the Enlightenment
– Reached peak in mid-1700’s
• Importance:
Enlightenment raised new ideas which
helped launch the French & American Revolutions
• Why:
Developed from the ideas of Scientific
Revolution
The Philosophes
• French word for Philosopher
– Reached height in France during 1700’s
• They were social critics who applied
reason and logic to life….
Concepts of Philosophes
• Reason
– Truth could be discovered through reason and logic
• Nature
– natural laws of both politics & economics
• Happiness
– live by nature’s laws
• Progress
– believed you could perfect society
• Liberty
– Believed in personal freedom
“Man is born free yet
everywhere he is in chains”
Rousseau
Montesquieu
“Power should be
a check to power”
John Locke
“all men have certain natural rights:
The right to life, liberty and property”
FRENCH REVOLUTION
The Old Regime
• Remained from the system of feudalism
(Middle Ages)
• People of France were divided into
estates.
• The estates were known as:
– 1st, 2nd & 3rd Estates
The Three Estates of France
Platform for Revolution
• Enlightenment Ideas
• Unfair Estate System
• Economic Woes of France
• Weak Leadership of Louis XVI
Reign of Terror
• 1-Year in Length
– July 1793-July 1794
• 3,000 executed in Paris
• Marie Antoinette executed
• Up to 40,000 total
The Directory
• July 1794 Robespierre executed
– People are tired of the Terror
• National Assembly forms a new body
called The Directory
• This body puts Napoleon in charge of
the Army
3 Mistakes of Napoleon
• The Continental System
– 1806
• The Peninsular War
– 1808
• The Invasion of Russia
– 1812
Congress of Vienna
• Leaders of Austria, Prussia, Russia &
Great Britain
• Europe wanted long lasting peace
– feared more war (French aggression)
• Congress was supposed to last 4weeks
– it lasted 8 months
A Weaker France
• Wanted France weaker, not destroyed
– Kept original borders from 1790
• Goal was to create peace & balance in
Europe
• Constitutional Monarchies ruled in both
Britain & France
Industrial Revolution
Industrialization Changes
Society
• Living in cities vs. countryside
• Created a new family structure
• Initially, led to large scale human
suffering
1750-1850
Agricultural Revolution
A Chain Reaction
Increased Food Production
Population Explosion
Movement to Cities
Factories: a new way to work
New family structure
New Economic Rules
Some Good News:
Working conditions
slowly improved
Life expectancy
increased
Two views of Economics
Karl Marx
Wrote the Communist Manifesto [1848]
Proposed Government control of the economy
Adam Smith
Wrote the Wealth of Nations [1776]
Father of Free Market Economics or Capitalism
Imperialism
Europe 1815-1860
• Slowly develop modern day borders
• Nationalism controls boundaries & governments
• Lines of east vs. west develop
• Italy & Germany unite into Nation States
Nationalism
• Loyalty not to a King or an Empire
• Loyalty to a Nation that share a common
culture, language, history, etc…
Nationalism
New Nation States formed
New Balance of Power
Industrialized countries compete
More colonies offer wealth/power
Imperialism
• Had existed since 15th century
• Industrialization created a larger need for Imperialism
• 1870-1914 became increased focus for Industrialized
countries (called “New” imperialism)
Motives for Imperialism
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Economic
Political
Ideological- (social Darwinism)
Religious
Exploratory
World War I
New “Modern” War
• Poison Gas
• Machine Gun
• Airplanes
• Tanks
• Submarines
4 Causes of World War I
M.A.I.N.
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
The
Powder Keg
Explodes
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Bosnia
– June 12th, 1914
• He was assassinated by a Serbian
• Austria-Hungary uses this to punish
Serbia
Western Front
• The Schlieffen Plan worked well at first:
– swept through Belgium
• STALEMATE occurred on Western Front
• Russia attacks on Eastern Front
Eastern Front Warfare
Russia’s difficult
fight
• Russia army was LARGE but poorly equipped
– Shortage of food, guns and ammunition
• Kept Germany busy by accepting huge casualties
• 1916 reduces war effort & 1917 exits war
– Face Civil War at home
• Vladimir Lenin Signs Peace Treaty with Germany 1918
– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: greatly reduces size of Russia
War in Ottoman Empire
• Allies were desperate to end the stalemate
• Gallipoli Campaign Strategy: large attack on the
Gallipoli peninsula which will open a supply line to
Russia
• Result: Allies are defeated & suffer 250,000
casualties
– British, French, Australian & New Zealand troops fight
Zimmerman
Telegram
• What: German telegram
promising support to Mexico
in a War against the U.S.
• Woodrow Wilson declares
war on Germany [April 2nd
1917]
President Woodrow Wilson
War on the Western Front
The Final Battle
• Germany places all effort into the Western Front
• A SECOND Battle of the Marne River occurs
• 2-million fresh American Troops help overpower German
soldiers
• Allies steadily march into Germany
– Armistice signed on November 11th, 1918:
The Central Powers Crumble
Austria-Hungary
Internal Revolution
Empire Ends
Ottoman Empire
Surrender
Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm II
steps down
Germany declared
Republic
Total
Paris Peace Conference
• 4 leaders meet at Versailles
• Each leader wanted something different
• Germany was NOT invited
Legacy of Treaty of
Versailles
• Germany was not invited to peace conference
– Severely punished financially
– Forced to accept blame for war
• Italy was left angry
– Was promised the Adriatic coast by allies
• Britain ignored promises to Jews, Arabs & Indians
– Promised independence
• United States does not join the League of Nations
– Conference mostly ignored Woodrow Wilson’s 14-points
The Cost of the War
• European towns/cities were destroyed
• Countries of Europe economically destroyed
– heavily in debt to the United States
• 8.5 million people killed, 23 million injured
• Countries left angry & disillusioned