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Chapter 5 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 The Middle Ages • The Middle Ages are the period of time between ancient and modern times. Began about 500 A.D. through 1500 A.D. • When the Roman Empire broke up, invading groups created many small kingdoms. • Most of the invaders could not read or write • Soon, very few people in Europe could read or write. Why? 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 • Charlemagne became king of one of the invading groups known as the Franks in 768 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Soon, he ruled an empire that stretched across most of the Western Europe. • Charlemagne ruled for nearly 50 years. He opened schools so people could learn to read and write. • He also spread the Christian religion and improved the economy. • When Charlemagne died his sons fought for control of the empire and weaken the empire to attacks from outsiders. 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • The Vikings came from far north of Europe. They burned and looted European towns. Charlemagne’s Empire was gone. 1 2 4 • Questions: Why did Charlemagne’s empire fall apart? What years did the middle ages cover? • Answers: 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Summary: 1 2 4 Feudalism: A kind of Government • Under feudalism – Nobles and lords, who owned the land had the most power. • They gave land to their vassals. A vassal was someone who promised to follow the lord’s laws and fight for him. • Vassals helped pay for armies that would fight for the lord. • Vassals who rode horses and led men into battle were called knights. 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 • In exchange, lords promised to protect their vassals and their lands. 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Feudalism was a way for people to protect themselves and share power. • Manorialism was a way for people to supply food, clothing, and shelter. • The manor included fields, houses, animals and peasants to work there. • A lord ruled over the poor people who lived on his manor. He made the rules and acted as judge. • And he collected taxes from the peasants who lived there. 1 2 4 Peasants and Serfs 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Most people during this time were peasants. • Peasants were often very poor. They did all the work on manors. • Most peasants were also serfs. • When a noble was given a manor, its serfs became his. • They could not leave the manor or get married without his permission. 1 2 4 • A serf is not the same as a slave. 0011 0010 0001 0100enough 1011 • A1010 serf1101 could save money to buy land and become a free peasant. • Most serf were serfs their whole lives. • Medieval peasants worked very hard. Even the children worked. • Peasants lived in dark, one room huts. For heating and cooking, they built fire on the dirt floor. • They ate simple food such as bread and cabbage. 1 2 4 • Questions: What was life like for medieval peasants? Manor Serf • Answers: 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Summary: 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Middle Ages • King • Noble CLMS 1 2 4 5-2 The Church and the rise of cities • During the Middle Ages, nearly everyone in 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Western Europe was a Roman Catholic. • The Roman Catholic Church was so powerful that it was known simply as “the Church” • The Church had great wealth from the taxes they collected. It took land from the lord when clergy provided services for the lord. • And it used the threat of excommunication to make people obey. 1 2 4 • Almost every village had a priest. • The part of every major event 0011 0010 1010 clergy 1101 0001were 0100 1011 in peoples lives – birth, illness, marriage, or death. • The clergy helped people follow Church rules about how to live. • Some religious men, or monks lived together in religious communities called monasteries. Religious women, or nuns, lived in convents. 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Monks and nuns looked after the sick and set up schools. • Monks copied ancient books, saving knowledge that otherwise would have been lost. 1 2 4 • Questions: What role did religion play in the lives of people during the Middle Age? Clergy Excommunication • Answers: 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Summary: 1 2 4 Trade comes back and towns grow 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Feudalism and the Church made Europe a safer place and the population grew. SO • Merchants traveled to far away places to buy and sell goods. • As trade grew, so did local markets. Traders would get together at places they knew they would find travelers, such as river crossings • Towns grew in these places too. 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • At the same time, many manors were getting overcrowded. • Many lords were glad to let peasants buy freedom and move to towns. 1 2 4 Life in towns and cities • Towns and cities could not raise anything everything they needed. Instead people bought goods. • This helped to begin a new class called the middle class. • Many merchants and craft workers started groups called guilds. • Guilds decided how much to charge and made sure the items were made well. 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 • To become a member of the guild took time • A boy between the ages of 8 and 14, who 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 wanted to learn a trade became an apprentice. • He would live and work for a master of that trade for up to seven years. • Then he could become a journeyman, or paid worker • If his work was good, he could join the guild. 1 2 4 Medieval Culture • The new cities attracted people who enjoyed learning and teaching. Talented artists created beautiful artwork. • Stories, poems and songs about chivalry were popular. • Throughout the land, troubadours went from place to place. • They sang about brave deeds done by knights to win the love of a worthy woman. 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 • Questions: Would you have liked to live during this time period? Guild Apprentice Chivalry • Answers: 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Summary: 1 2 4 5-3 The Crusades • In 1095, Pope Urban II had a message for the people of Europe. • He wanted them to capture the Holy Land. The Holy Land being Jerusalem and parts of the surrounding area where Jesus lived and taught. • This began 200 years of Crusades 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 Causes of the Crusades • For almost 900 years, European Christians had 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 been going to Jerusalem as pilgrims. They wanted to visit places written about in the Bible. • Jerusalem had been controlled by Arab Muslims for hundreds of years. They usually welcomed Christians pilgrims. • But when Turkish invaders took control in the 1000’s, things changed. First, they attacked Christian pilgrims. Then they closed the roads to Jerusalem. 1 2 4 • Pope Urban II wanted the Holy Land under Christian control. 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • What were some other reasons for the crusades? – Wanted Christian pilgrims to be able to visit religious sites there – He believed a crusade would bring Europe together, and that they would stop fighting among themselves – He also wanted power for himself and the Church. 1 2 4 • Some Europeans had other reasons for wanting the Crusades. 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • They wanted to control the Holy Land, too. • And they also wanted to control trade routes between Africa, Asia and Europe. 1 2 4 A series of Crusades – How it went down! • 1 a small group of common people went to fight. They were led by a small man who wore a monk’s robe. • Peter the Hermit- led what was called the “people’s crusade” in 1096. • When they stopped at Constantinople the Emperor there tried to get them to wait for help. • But most of Peters followers went on and were defeated. – only a small part survived 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 st 1 2 4 • Finally the army sent by the Pope arrived. This army was made up of knights and 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 skilled fighters. • They joined up with what was left of Peter’s army. • They captured Jerusalem in 1099. • During the fighting they, killed about 10,000 of the Muslim, Christian, and Jewish people. 1 2 4 • A second Crusade had little success. A strong Muslim leader had come to power. 0011 0010 1187 1010 1101 0100 1011 • By the0001 Muslim leader, Saladin had retaken Jerusalem. • The king of England Richard I tried to talk him into giving Jerusalem back to the Christians. • He refused saying the land is just as important to us as it is to you. • But the land was reopen to Christian pilgrims. 1 2 4 • Questions: What was the main goal of the crusaders? Crusades Jerusalem Pilgrim Holy Land • Answers: 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Summary: 1 2 4 The Power of the Kings 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • At the start of the 1200’s some lords had more wealth than the king. • Feudalism began to weaken and the power of the kings began to grow. • One reason why was the growth of towns and cities. • Kings agreed to protect towns in return for money paid by townspeople. • With that money, kings hired armies to attack nobles who gave them too much trouble. 1 2 4 • As kings became more powerful, they united more of their kingdom. 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • The larger kingdoms began to turn in to nations. Manors Small Kingdoms / Cities 1 2 Larger Kingdoms 4 Nations / Countries • This happened because people began to 0011 0010think 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 as English or French. of themselves • They were no longer loyal to their lords but now they were loyal to the king and his government. 1 2 4 Changes in England • By the 1200’s, England was almost a nation. 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Here’s how it happened. • In 1066, William of Normandy, a French Duke, Conqueror England. • He was a strong ruler and he made sure that he had more power than his nobles. • Later John became king in 1199. He forced people to pay heavy taxes. He put his enemies in jail unfairly. • He took land from the Church. 1 2 4 • John and angered the nobles and clergy. 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • Pope declared that John was no longer the king. • English nobles and bishops gave John a list of demands. • He was forced to put his royal seal on the list called the Magna Carta. • These new laws limited the king’s power. • People could no longer be jailed without a reason and taxes had to be approved by others 1 2 4 • A group of advisors to the king later became 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 the Model Parliament. • The Magna Carta also strengthened the king’s power. • Because now that the nobles had a say in the government, they were more willing to support the king. 1 2 4 Brain Pop video The Hundred Year’s War 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • In 1328, the French king died. King Edward III of England claimed to be king of France. • The French nobles did not agree. • Edward III invaded France and this began the Hundred Years’ War. • England has one most of the battle but it all changed when a French peasant girl called Joan of Arc took charge of the French forces. 1 2 4 • She lead the French the forces to victory after victory against the English. • In 1430 she was taken prisoner and put on trial for witchcraft. She was convicted and burned at the stake. • Her death inspired the French to more victories and by 1453, the English had been driven from most of France. 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 2 4 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 • During this war new weapons helped to increase the power of the soldiers. • Armored knights became less valuable in battle. • Castles could not stop cannonballs and kings needed large armies • The Hundred Years’ War also led to national feelings in France and England. 1 2 4 • Questions: • Answers: Why did feudalism decline? 0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1 Summary: 2 4