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RELIGIOUS PRINCIPLES RELIGIOUS RITUALS CHURCH HIERARCHY CHURCH VS. STATE Catholic Good works + 7 sacraments Bible + tradition 7 sacraments Pope + hierarchy Pope superior but Catholic rulers accepted Lutheran Faith Bible Priesthood of all believers Baptism Communion Organized Church, Congregation has leader State in secular matters; Church in religion Calvinist God’s grace needed; man’s nature is depraved; Predestination Baptism Communion (as ceremony, not as sacrament) Congregation ruled democratically by elders Church over state Anglican Good works and 7 Sacraments (as sign of faith) 7 sacraments Monarch of England Archbishop of Canterbury State and church are combined Radicals / Faith; only adults Baptism but Congregation Anabaptist can make religious only for adults rules itself decisions democratically Separation of church and state Causes of the Reformation Political: Secular rulers vs. Pope Economic: Trade and commerce changing economic situation Social: Middle class and peasantry Religious: Corruption, sale of indulgences and failure of reforms Intellectual: Renaissance attitude questioned accepted beliefs Technological: Printing Press The Reformation in England The Church of England (Anglican) was created and separated from the Roman Catholic Church Reigning monarch of England became the head of the Church of England Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual head of the Church of England Anglican ritual maintained the 7 sacraments Added the Book of Common Prayer Most conservative (fewest changes) of any Protestant denomination Mary I attempted to force back Catholicism Elizabeth I made England permanently Protestant Strengthened the English monarchy, Parliament and English nationalism The Basic Tenets of Luther’s Reformed Church Justification by Faith Ultimate Authority of the Bible Priesthood of All Believers All Christians are equal to God no matter what their profession Results and Effects of the Reformation Period • Loss of religious unity in Europe (Catholics/Protestants) • Protestantism emerged as a new branch of western Christianity • Catholicism reformed itself as a new religious force • Nation-states aligned Catholic vs. Protestant through mid17th century • Religious Warfare: 1524-1648, then religion declined in influence in politics • National interest became major influence in foreign policy: new motivation for warfare • Power of national monarchs, secular government and nationalism increased • Democracy, capitalism and individual rights encouraged • Growth of Middle Class and its influence encouraged • Literacy and education increased • Influence of science increased • Individualism, secularism and materialism increased • Religious tolerance slowly increased The Peace of Augsburg, 1555 • Each prince chose between Catholicism and Lutheranism for all of his subjects • Reaffirmed the doctrine that the lord ruled his own land and subjects: Cuius regio, eius religio (Whose region, his religion) • Calvinism or Anabaptism were not allowed (because their church-over-state or separation of church and state beliefs challenged the authority of the ruler) • Lands taken after 1552 must be returned to the Church Results and Effects of the Reformation •Protestantism emerged as a new branch of western Christianity. •Catholic Church reformed itself and emerged as a renewed religious force •Religious unity of Western Christianity ended. •Religious wars raged in Europe for over a century. (1524-1648) •Protestant spirit of individuality encouraged democracy, capitalism, and the scientific method. •Protestantism justified and advanced nationalism. •Influence of the Church and religion decreased. •Secularism and materialism increased. •Power of monarchs and secular government increased. •Literacy and education increased. •Religious toleration slowly emerged. Major Reforms of the Council of Trent Salvation came through Faith, good works, and observing the 7 sacraments Authority of the Bible AND Church traditions Hierarchy and power of the Papacy re-affirmed Only Latin Bible (“The Vulgate”) approved Improved education for Catholic Clergy Banned pluralism, simony and absenteeism. Stopped the sale of indulgences. Established Index of Prohibited Books Inquisition extended to combat heresy Jesuits empowered to extend Catholicism and fight Protestant expansion The Counter-Reformation in Practice: Council of Trent: Passes reforms answering Protestant challenge and changing the Catholic Church Jesuits: New religious order that combats Protestantism (sometimes with force) and spreads Catholicism Inquisition: Extended to be used against Protestantism as heresy Index of Prohibited Books: Banned books that contradicted Catholic theology Counter Reformation limited Protestantism and spread Catholicism outside Europe Causes of the War between Spain and England, Attack of the Spanish Armada, 1588 England returned to Protestantism under Elizabeth I; Philip II was the leader of the Catholic faction English “Sea Dogs” attacked Spanish shipping and colonies England was moving into Spanish-claimed America: Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships in the Pacific; Walter Raleigh established a colony in North America (North Carolina) England had sent aid to the Dutch in their rebellion against Spanish rule Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed after being part of a plot to overthrow Elizabeth I The Thirty Years War: The Basics The Holy Roman Empire (German states) was the major battleground It started as another religious war: Catholics vs. Protestants It was a war of centralized power against provincial power It developed into an international war over Habsburg power It can be viewed as 4 separate wars: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French It marks the end of religious domination of European affairs It was ended by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Causes of the Thirty Years’ War • Extreme tension between Catholicism and Protestantism • The Holy Roman Empire was religiously divided by the Peace of Augsburg (1555); no Calvinism • The Holy Roman (Habsburg) Empire was divided and unconsolidated • The Habsburgs ruled more land in Europe than anyone else • Many believed Habsburgs had upset the balance of power controlling too much • Ferdinand II wanted to be HRE and to increase and his consolidate power • The states of the Holy Roman Empire wanted to be as independent and as sovereign as possible • German princes wanted independence and a weaker emperor • Calvinists wanted the right to religion; Bohemians wanted freedom of religion • Catholics and Protestants each wanted to extend territorial rule • Protestants continued to seize lands of the Church; Catholics objected Results of the Thirty Years’ War France emerged as the greatest power Major devastation and death occurred in the German states (1/3 of the population lost) Spanish Habsburg power was broken and declined Portugal returned as a sovereign nation Austrian Habsburg power turned away from the Holy Roman Empire toward the Balkans Sweden became the greatest power in the North on the Baltic German states of the Empire (300+) became independent Dutch Netherlands and Switzerland became independent Calvinism was granted full rights in the Empire The nation-state system now dominated Causes for Revolution by the Dutch Political: Nationalism – Philip II was Spanish Political: Absolutism – Philip II was an absolute ruler Economic: Mercantilism – Philip II was a mercantilist who interfered with Dutch trade Economic: Business – Dutch merchants were used to economic and social independence Social: Religion – Philip II was a Catholic and wanted to destroy Protestantism (Dutch Calvinism) Social: Rise of Middle Class – Dutch middle class merchants wanted greater social status and political power Motivation for European Exploration • Gold: The pursuit of wealth from trade in spices and other goods • God: The desire to spread Christianity to areas outside Europe • Glory: The effort to gain individual fame and national glory • Gateway: The desire to gain control over vital areas and access to new areas of wealth and power Effects of Exploration on Europe I • Strengthened nationalism and the power of national monarchies • Further weakened feudalism and the old nobility • Created the need for strong navies • Brought political-economic alliance between national government and the middle class merchants and business interests • Brought mercantilism and a new government role in the economy • Added new commodities to the European market place and new items in the diet Effects of Exploration on Europe II • Population increased due to the improved diet • Caused inflation: higher prices, higher rents and demand for higher wages • Brought a new financial system: insurance, corporations, and modern banking and credit • Political and economic power shifted from the central corridor of Europe to the Atlantic coast • Brought continuing growth of the Middle Class (merchants, bankers, investors) and their political power • Continued and speeded the growth of the Commercial Revolution: capitalism, money economy, global trade Effects on the non-European World • European culture spread by dominance including the force of arms • Europeans emigrated to non-European areas of the world • Massive loss of life to Native Americans mostly from exposure to European diseases • African slave trade was developed to provide labor on European colonial plantations • Militarily-weaker areas (Latin America, Africa, Asia) were dominated by Europe until 20th century • Europeans became both admired and resented by the non-European world Long-term Impact upon Europe • • • • • Competition: Europeans became competitive for colonial areas Influence spread: European affairs became world affairs Warfare: European wars could be caused by trade and spread outside Europe Economic effects: Europe became dependent upon imports from colonies Import-export system: Led to development of global economy Long-term Impact on the outside World • Influence: European colonization led to European domination of the world • Europeanization: Colonial system spread political, economic, social styles of Europe • Colonial system: Colonies lost sovereignty • Development: Colonized areas were held back in political and economic development • Dependence economics: Colonized areas lose their self-sufficiency; become dependent on industrialized nations Baroque Art Dramatic portrayal of the subject Tension and conflict on a heroic often tragic scale Use of light and dark for emphasis Grandiose expression Emphasis on large overstatement Passion, mystery, awe, activity Used by Catholic Church to decorate and bring back people Used by monarchs to glorify their reigns (especially architecture) Demonstrated wealth and worldliness gained through exploration of the world Incorporated techniques gained through new science