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RELIGIOUS
PRINCIPLES
RELIGIOUS
RITUALS
CHURCH
HIERARCHY
CHURCH VS.
STATE
Catholic
Good works + 7
sacraments
Bible + tradition
7 sacraments
Pope +
hierarchy
Pope superior but
Catholic rulers
accepted
Lutheran
Faith
Bible
Priesthood of all
believers
Baptism
Communion
Organized
Church,
Congregation
has leader
State in secular
matters;
Church in
religion
Calvinist
God’s grace
needed; man’s
nature is depraved;
Predestination
Baptism
Communion
(as ceremony,
not as
sacrament)
Congregation
ruled
democratically
by elders
Church over state
Anglican
Good works and
7 Sacraments (as
sign of faith)
7 sacraments
Monarch of
England
Archbishop of
Canterbury
State and church
are combined
Radicals / Faith; only adults Baptism but
Congregation
Anabaptist can make religious only for adults rules itself
decisions
democratically
Separation of
church and state
Causes of the Reformation
Political: Secular rulers vs. Pope
Economic: Trade and commerce
changing economic situation
Social: Middle class and peasantry
Religious: Corruption, sale of
indulgences and failure of reforms
Intellectual: Renaissance attitude
questioned accepted beliefs
Technological: Printing Press
The Reformation in England
The Church of England (Anglican) was created
and separated from the Roman Catholic Church
Reigning monarch of England became the head of
the Church of England
Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual head of
the Church of England
Anglican ritual maintained the 7 sacraments
Added the Book of Common Prayer
Most conservative (fewest changes) of any
Protestant denomination
Mary I attempted to force back Catholicism
Elizabeth I made England permanently Protestant
Strengthened the English monarchy, Parliament
and English nationalism
The Basic Tenets of
Luther’s Reformed Church
Justification by Faith
Ultimate Authority of the Bible
Priesthood of All Believers
All Christians are equal to God
no matter what their profession
Results and Effects of the Reformation Period
• Loss of religious unity in Europe (Catholics/Protestants)
• Protestantism emerged as a new branch of western
Christianity
• Catholicism reformed itself as a new religious force
• Nation-states aligned Catholic vs. Protestant through mid17th century
• Religious Warfare: 1524-1648, then religion declined in
influence in politics
• National interest became major influence in foreign policy:
new motivation for warfare
• Power of national monarchs, secular government and
nationalism increased
• Democracy, capitalism and individual rights encouraged
• Growth of Middle Class and its influence encouraged
• Literacy and education increased
• Influence of science increased
• Individualism, secularism and materialism increased
• Religious tolerance slowly increased
The Peace of Augsburg, 1555
• Each prince chose between Catholicism and
Lutheranism for all of his subjects
• Reaffirmed the doctrine that the lord ruled
his own land and subjects: Cuius regio, eius
religio (Whose region, his religion)
• Calvinism or Anabaptism were not allowed
(because their church-over-state or
separation of church and state beliefs
challenged the authority of the ruler)
• Lands taken after 1552 must be returned to
the Church
Results and Effects of the Reformation
•Protestantism emerged as a new branch of western
Christianity.
•Catholic Church reformed itself and emerged as a
renewed religious force
•Religious unity of Western Christianity ended.
•Religious wars raged in Europe for over a century.
(1524-1648)
•Protestant spirit of individuality encouraged
democracy, capitalism, and the scientific method.
•Protestantism justified and advanced nationalism.
•Influence of the Church and religion decreased.
•Secularism and materialism increased.
•Power of monarchs and secular government increased.
•Literacy and education increased.
•Religious toleration slowly emerged.
Major Reforms of the Council of Trent
 Salvation came through Faith, good works, and
observing the 7 sacraments
 Authority of the Bible AND Church traditions
 Hierarchy and power of the Papacy re-affirmed
 Only Latin Bible (“The Vulgate”) approved
 Improved education for Catholic Clergy
 Banned pluralism, simony and absenteeism.
Stopped the sale of indulgences.
 Established Index of Prohibited Books
 Inquisition extended to combat heresy
 Jesuits empowered to extend Catholicism and fight
Protestant expansion
The Counter-Reformation in Practice:
Council of Trent: Passes reforms answering
Protestant challenge and changing the
Catholic Church
Jesuits: New religious order that combats
Protestantism (sometimes with force) and
spreads Catholicism
Inquisition: Extended to be used against
Protestantism as heresy
Index of Prohibited Books: Banned books that
contradicted Catholic theology
Counter Reformation limited Protestantism
and spread Catholicism outside Europe
Causes of the War between Spain and
England, Attack of the Spanish Armada, 1588
England returned to Protestantism under
Elizabeth I; Philip II was the leader of the
Catholic faction
English “Sea Dogs” attacked Spanish shipping
and colonies
England was moving into Spanish-claimed
America: Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships
in the Pacific; Walter Raleigh established a
colony in North America (North Carolina)
England had sent aid to the Dutch in their
rebellion against Spanish rule
Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed after being
part of a plot to overthrow Elizabeth I
The Thirty Years War: The Basics
 The Holy Roman Empire (German states) was
the major battleground
 It started as another religious war: Catholics vs.
Protestants
 It was a war of centralized power against
provincial power
 It developed into an international war over
Habsburg power
 It can be viewed as 4 separate wars: Bohemian,
Danish, Swedish, French
 It marks the end of religious domination of
European affairs
 It was ended by the Treaty of Westphalia in
1648.
Causes of the Thirty Years’ War
• Extreme tension between Catholicism and Protestantism
• The Holy Roman Empire was religiously divided by the
Peace of Augsburg (1555); no Calvinism
• The Holy Roman (Habsburg) Empire was divided and
unconsolidated
• The Habsburgs ruled more land in Europe than anyone else
• Many believed Habsburgs had upset the balance of power
controlling too much
• Ferdinand II wanted to be HRE and to increase and his
consolidate power
• The states of the Holy Roman Empire wanted to be as
independent and as sovereign as possible
• German princes wanted independence and a weaker
emperor
• Calvinists wanted the right to religion; Bohemians wanted
freedom of religion
• Catholics and Protestants each wanted to extend territorial
rule
• Protestants continued to seize lands of the Church; Catholics
objected
Results of the Thirty Years’ War
France emerged as the greatest power
Major devastation and death occurred in the German
states (1/3 of the population lost)
Spanish Habsburg power was broken and declined
Portugal returned as a sovereign nation
Austrian Habsburg power turned away from the Holy
Roman Empire toward the Balkans
Sweden became the greatest power in the North on the
Baltic
German states of the Empire (300+) became independent
Dutch Netherlands and Switzerland became independent
Calvinism was granted full rights in the Empire
The nation-state system now dominated
Causes for Revolution by the Dutch
Political: Nationalism – Philip II was Spanish
Political: Absolutism – Philip II was an absolute
ruler
Economic: Mercantilism – Philip II was a
mercantilist who interfered with Dutch trade
Economic: Business – Dutch merchants were
used to economic and social independence
Social: Religion – Philip II was a Catholic and
wanted to destroy Protestantism (Dutch
Calvinism)
Social: Rise of Middle Class – Dutch middle class
merchants wanted greater social status and
political power
Motivation for European Exploration
• Gold: The pursuit of wealth from
trade in spices and other goods
• God: The desire to spread
Christianity to areas outside Europe
• Glory: The effort to gain individual
fame and national glory
• Gateway: The desire to gain control
over vital areas and access to new
areas of wealth and power
Effects of Exploration on Europe I
• Strengthened nationalism and the power of
national monarchies
• Further weakened feudalism and the old nobility
• Created the need for strong navies
• Brought political-economic alliance between
national government and the middle class
merchants and business interests
• Brought mercantilism and a new government
role in the economy
• Added new commodities to the European market
place and new items in the diet
Effects of Exploration on Europe II
• Population increased due to the improved diet
• Caused inflation: higher prices, higher rents and
demand for higher wages
• Brought a new financial system: insurance,
corporations, and modern banking and credit
• Political and economic power shifted from the
central corridor of Europe to the Atlantic coast
• Brought continuing growth of the Middle Class
(merchants, bankers, investors) and their political
power
• Continued and speeded the growth of the
Commercial Revolution: capitalism, money
economy, global trade
Effects on the non-European World
• European culture spread by dominance including
the force of arms
• Europeans emigrated to non-European areas of the
world
• Massive loss of life to Native Americans mostly
from exposure to European diseases
• African slave trade was developed to provide labor
on European colonial plantations
• Militarily-weaker areas (Latin America, Africa,
Asia) were dominated by Europe until 20th
century
• Europeans became both admired and resented by
the non-European world
Long-term Impact upon Europe
•
•
•
•
•
Competition: Europeans became competitive
for colonial areas
Influence spread: European affairs became
world affairs
Warfare: European wars could be caused by
trade and spread outside Europe
Economic effects: Europe became dependent
upon imports from colonies
Import-export system: Led to development
of global economy
Long-term Impact on the outside World
• Influence: European colonization led to
European domination of the world
• Europeanization: Colonial system spread
political, economic, social styles of Europe
• Colonial system: Colonies lost sovereignty
• Development: Colonized areas were held
back in political and economic
development
• Dependence economics: Colonized areas
lose their self-sufficiency; become
dependent on industrialized nations
Baroque Art
Dramatic portrayal of the subject
Tension and conflict on a heroic often tragic scale
Use of light and dark for emphasis
Grandiose expression
Emphasis on large overstatement
Passion, mystery, awe, activity
Used by Catholic Church to decorate and bring back
people
Used by monarchs to glorify their reigns (especially
architecture)
Demonstrated wealth and worldliness gained through
exploration of the world
Incorporated techniques gained through new science