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1450-1750 As The World Turns: Western Development, Expansion, and Colonization Chapters 16,17,18,19 AP World History Mr. Bartula 1450-1750: The Early Modern Period The balance of power shifted Western Europe took control of most trade networks The Americas became part of the world wide trade network New scientific, religious, and cultural ideas developed Consequences of These Changes Western Europe moved towards global dominance Exchanges of foods, peoples, animals, and diseases increased Islamic, Asian,African, and Native American societies were strained China remained the dominant society Trade in 1450-1750 The world economy grew and became genuinely global. The Atlantic and the western Pacific were the two main trade centers Silver from the Americas and slaves from Africa played major roles in the global economy Western Europeans controlled trade networks, but China was still at the center of world trade. Population Changes 1450-1750 Population growth in Eurasia due to new foods, better agricultural technology, proto-industrialization, and medical care Population decline in the Americas due to European invasions, diseases. Population decline in Africa due to the Atlantic slave trade The Military Revolution 1450-1750 Western Europeans gained an advantage: 1. Superior weaponry based on gunpowder. 2. Strong, swift, maneuverable ships capable of sailing anywhere. 3. Navigational tools (compass, astrolabe) derived from earlier work done by Arab and Asian scholars 4. New sea and land fighting techniques Land based gunpowder weaponry Field Cannon (from ca 1420) Muskets Close Order Drill Consequences of Close Order Drill Required years of training Led to establishment of permanent, professional armies Soldiers’ salaries required taxes Taxes required bureaucracies Bureaucracies led to centralized governments Clinker Sailing Ships A Lateen Caravel Ship Carrack Galleon Consequences of the Military Revolution Funding required development of modern taxation, banking, and credit systems Concentrated political power in centralized governments with bureaucracies Large, competitive nation states led to chronic warfare and colonial empires. 1450: The beginning of Western hegemony Western Europe had effectively recovered from the calamitous 14th century. The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453 The Ottoman Turks were militarily, rather than economically, oriented: “conquest over commerce” 1450: The beginning of Western hegemony The Ottomans now controlled all land trade routes through the Middle East The Ottomans placed customs duties on European merchants using the trade routes Europeans looked for new trade routes to the East (the “potential niche” which sparked Western Expansion). 1450: The rest of the world Ming China: sea exploration abandoned by 1433 Mughal India: land oriented empire Native Americans: isolated Africa: heterogeneous societies, land oriented Western Europe was basically “the only player.” Why Europe? Competition!: 1. Economic 2. Political 3. Social, Religious, and Ideological The Europeans were ready to rule and conquer, but where? India and China? For most of 1450-1750, both were too well organized and too strong for European domination. Europeans could trade with them, but not exploit them. Africa? Europeans had the military power to conquer Africa in 1450-1750, but could not deal with: Tropical diseases (“The White Man’s Graveyard”) The Americas? Europeans had the military and economic power to conquer them, and more importantly, Europeans had: GERMS! Thus in 1450-1750 Western Europeans gained control over and began the exploitation of North and South America Western Europe’s First Expansions Three archipelagoes: Azores Madeiras Canarys The Azores Originally uninhabited, reached by Europeans in 1300s First Portuguese settlement in 1439 Good environment for European plants and animals Quickly became a “Little Europe” The Madeiras Originally uninhabited First Portuguese arrived in 1420s Fought over by Portuguese and Spanish Sugar cane producing, slave economy Environmental problems due to introduction of nonnative plants and animals Rugged, mountainous terrain The Canaries Original inhabitants called Guanches Europeans arrived as early as 1290s Fought over by Spanish, French, and Portuguese Good environment for European plants and animals Conflict with Guanches throughout 1400s. The Guanches: First Branch of the Human Race to Face Extinction Stone Age people facing gunpowder weapons European diseases Europeans did not consider them fully human Extinct by end of 1500s Prototype for future European/indigenous contact Spain and Portugal: First European Nation-States to Begin Exploration and Colonization Recently unified after the Reconquista Fervently Catholic Powerful monarchies determined to increase their influence. Mercantilism: The Economic Basis of Exploration and Colonization Early form of capitalism National governments sought to encourage exports and discourage imports Internal improvements (roads, canals) to improve national trade Colonies needed for two reasons: 1. sources of raw materials 2.markets for finished goods Portugal: Find a sea route to the East by sailing around Africa Prince Henry the Navigator established a school for sailors in early 1400s Sailors learned to sail caravel ships and use the new instruments By 1488, Portuguese sailors had reached the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498, they reached India Spain: Find a route to the East by going West 1492: Christopher Columbus “discovered” islands to the West. Columbus and other explorers claimed the territories for Spain By 1500, it was clear that this was a “New World” The Line of Demarcation and Treaty of Tordesillas Drawn by the Pope to divide the world between Spain and Portugal Brazil placed within Portugal’s lands Other European Nations and Exploration By late 1500s, Spain and Portugal lost their naval dominance Britain, France, and Holland used narrow beam ships to gain colonial leadership in North America, the Cape of Good Hope, India, and the Indies Impact of the European Colonization of the Americas Europeans were interested in exploitation of the wealth of the New World. The Native Americans were regarded as inferior, expendable people to be used as slaves Spain exploited the mineral wealth of Mexico, Central and South America, especially silver Impact of the European Colonization of the Americas Portugal established Brazil as a sugar cane growing area Sugar cane was also established in the Caribbean Plantations were established throughout the Americas to produce agricultural goods Impact of the European Colonization of the Americas The Native American population, especially in Latin America, declined due to disease (virgin soil epidemics) and overwork Africans were imported, beginning in the early 1500s, as replacements for Native Americans. Alfred W. Crosby Author of “The Columbian Exchange” and “Ecological Imperialism” Developed the term Columbian Exchange to describe the transfer of people, plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds after 1492 Forms of Biological Life Going From: Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Disea ses: Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold Syphilis Anim als: Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs Plant s: Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avocados The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Smallpox in the Americas Food Exchanges Between Old and New World Corn and potatoes were the two most important American foods transferred to Europe. Tobacco became an important American export to Europe Coffee and sugar were two “Old World” crops transferred to the Americas. Present Day (Negative) Exchanges Changes in Western Europe The Renaissance had encouraged scientific inquiry and curiosity The “discovery” of the New World and the importation of gold and silver led to the Price Revolution (inflation) and economic instability Johann Gutenberg’s printing press made books available to more people Nation-state competition led to conflict The Reformation Martin Luther advocated “the priesthood of all believers” Jean Calvin developed the theory of predestination These and other reformers caused a split between Roman Catholics and Protestants Religious wars were fought from 1517-1648 Spain’s “Century of Gold” 1550-1650 “El Siglo de Oro” Spain was the greatest power in Europe Under King Philip II, Spain used its wealth and power to fight the Reformation and restore Catholicism Spain persecuted nonCatholics with the Inquisition and fought to maintain control of its American empire. Spain vs The Netherlands Spain also ruled The Netherlands, which was primarily Calvinist By late 1500s The Netherlands had won its independence and became the nation of Holland, practicing full religious toleration. Because of its religious stability, Holland became a wealthy banking and trading center and developed its own colonial empire. Spain’s decline Spain’s many wars drained its treasury. The Price Revolution struck first and hardest in Spain, creating inflation and ruining the economy Out of date business methods Lack of a middle class By 1650, Spain’s glory days were over. France In the 1500s France was torn by conflict between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots) In 1589 the leader of the Huguenots became King Henry IV, who believed in the policy of Politique Henry IV converted to Catholicism He then issued the Edict of Nantes guaranteeing religious freedom for Protestants. France became a prosperous, stable nation France After Henry IV’s assassination, France was governed by Cardinal Richelieu, another advocate of Politique Under Richelieu, France became the strongest state in Europe France intervened in the Thirty Years War to ensure a Protestant victory France Shortly after the death of Richelieu, Louis XIV 16451715 became King of France Louis was an advocate of the divine right of kings and absolute monarchy Louis cancelled the Edict of Nantes, fought several wars to gain “natural frontiers” for France, and spent money lavishly on the palace of Versailles. By 1715, France was in decline Versailles Today Palais de Versailles Palais de Versailles Hall of Mirrors England Torn by religious controversy under King Henry VIII and his successors Queen Elizabeth I introduced limited tolerance of Catholicism Under the House of Stuart 1603-1714, conflict between advocates of divine right/absolute monarchy and parliamentarians. England 1642-1649 English Civil War ended with beheading of King Charles I 1688 Glorious Revolution established parliamentary supremacy and made monarchy a figurehead. The Enlightenment 18th century, started in France Enlightenment thinkers (philosophes) advocated liberty, religious toleration, progress, social reform Enlightened Despots like Frederick the Great practiced some Enlightenment principles Europe in 1750 Constant conflict Proto-industrial, capitalist nationstates with expanding economies Absolute monarchies (except England) Limited religious toleration in most areas Rapidly expanding colonial empires Russia 1450-1750 Mongols driven out during 1400s by Princes from Moscow Isolated from Western Europe, primarily peasant/agricultural Eastern Orthodox, Moscow seen as “Third Rome” 1480 Ivan III (the Great) became first Russian “Tsar” The Kremlin The Pendulum of Russian History Pro-West For Progress & Change Encourage New Ideas, Technologies, etc. Anti-West Isolationist Xenophobic Ultra-Conservative A few Tsars Most Tsars Intellectual elites Russian Orthodox Church Merchants/businessmen Young members of the middle class. Military Boyars peasants REFORM-MINDED LEADER DEMAGOGUE Ivan The Terrible 1533-1584 Established trade with Western Europe Fully unified the Russian state Rebuilt Moscow (St. Basil’s Cathedral) Insane The Time of Troubles 1584-1613 After Ivan the Terrible’s death, Russia was ruled by a series of weak Tsars and torn by civil war In 1613, the boyars (nobles) named Michael Romanov the Tsar Peter The Great 1684-1725 Michael’s grandson became the first great modernizing Tsar Undertook a series of journeys to the West to observe the modern world Forced Russia to modernize (on the surface) Serfdom continued St. Petersburg, the new capital Catherine The Great 1762-1796 Second great modernizer Married to Peter the Great’s grandson Seized power in 1762 Enlightened Despot Surface modernizations only Serfdom continued Little industry, small middle class Latin America Under Colonial Rule 1. 2. 3. 4. Spanish territories divided into four viceroyalties: New Spain, Granada, Peru, La Plata Race based social hierarchy: Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos and Mulattos Native Americans and African slaves Encomienda System Grants of land from King or Viceroy to encomendaro King received one-third of the profits Sparked historic debate: Bartolome de las Casas vs Juan Gimes de Sepulveda Based on the mercantilist view of colonies Las Casas vs Sepulveda Treasures from the Americas! Mexico City’s Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Lima’s Cathedral Silver! The most desirable of all metals from the New World Potosi was the largest silver mine in the world Manila in the Philippines became a large entrepot as a result Contributed to the Price Revolution in Europe Brazil: The sugar colony The first of the sugar plantation colonies Sugar was labor intensive and required huge numbers of slaves The Caribbean Islands also became great sugar producers Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
