Download Unit VI Romanticism to Realism

Unit VI:
Romanticism to Realism
Congress of Vienna
1815: victors met to redraw map
& address revolutionary ideas
Conservatism reigned; liberalism
& nationalism were feared!
Principle of Legitimacy
Principle of Intervention
• Concert of Europe
Balance of Power
• not self-determination
(ex. Poland)
Key Players at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh (Br.)
Tsar Alexander I
(Rus.)
The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick
William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de
Tallyrand (Fr.)
19th c Conservatism
Conservatism arose in reaction to liberalism; became a
popular alternative for those frightened by the violence
unleashed by the French Revolution.
Conservatives believed in order, the state, faith and tradition.
Support for conservatism:
• traditional ruling class AND peasants
Conservatism in Great Britain
1815: Corn Laws
• Peterloo Massacre (1819)
• Poor Laws (1834)
1821: supported Greek & Latin
American independence
1830: supported Belgium
1832: Reform Act of 1832
• Thomas Macaulay
1846:Corm Laws repealed
• Robert Peel
Memorial to Peterloo Victims
Reform Bill of 1832
British Reform Bills
th
c
19
Latin American Independence
Movements
Belgian Independence - 1830
The first to follow the lead of France.
There had been
very little popular
agitation for Belgian
nationalism before
1830  seldom had
nationalism arisen so
suddenly.
Wide cultural differences:
•
North  Dutch  Protestant  seafarers and traders
•
South  French  Catholic  farmers and individual workers
Belgian Revolution - 1830
Conservatism in France
1814-24: King Louis XVIII
• accepted Napoleonic Code & the
Concordat
1824-30: King Charles X
• July Ordinances (Les Miserables)
1830-48: King Louise Philippe
• “bourgeoisie king”
• Guizot’s Party of Resistance
vs. Theirs’ Party of Movement
• June Days
Louise Philippe
“To the Barricades” - Revolution, Again!!
Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic!
And more Conservatism…
Prussia: 1817 – Burschenshaften
• outlawed student movements
• wanted a free & united Germany
Russia: still backwards w/ feudalism
1825-1855: Nicholas I became
reactionary after Decembrist
Revolt; “arsenal of autocracy”
Austria: Metternich kept close ties
with Russia
Czar Nicholas I
German Confederation
Zollverein, 1834
Liberalism
“Free from restraint”
• religious toleration
• constitutional monarchy
• limited suffrage
• freedom of press, speech & assembly
• no arbitrary arrest
J.S. Mill - On Liberty
• tyranny of the majority
On the Subjugation of Women
• legal subordination of women is wrong
John Stuart Mill
Nationalism
•
•
•
•
•
•
single language
single culture
single ethnic group
well-defined territory
sense of a shared past
sense of a shared destiny
1848
France – the Junes Days brought
Louise Napoleon to power as
President of the 2nd Republic
Prussia – Frankfurt Assembly
provided for universal male
suffrage & no censorship; liberals
divided over unification
Austria – ethnic tensions
(Hungarians) forced Metternich
out; Russians put down
Italy – Mazzini’s Young Italy
movement crushed by Austria &
France; liberals divided
Barricades in Paris
“June Days”
Working class revolted:
• said the government had
betrayed the revolution
• wanted a redistribution
of wealth
A new liberal-conservative
coalition formed to oppose
this lower class radicalism.
Revolutions in 1848
Culture & Society
Police Force & Prison Reform:
Romanticism: rejected Neoclassicalism; didn’t disparage
reason but stressed an
individual’s feelings, emotions,
imagination & nature
Literature & especially poetry;
Goethe and Shelly’s Frankenstein
Painters; Friedrich and Turner
Music; Beethoven
Friedrich’s Wanderer Above the Sea & Fog
Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People
Friedrich’s Monastery Graveyard in the Snow
Utilitarianism
The goal of society is the greatest
good for the greatest number.
Government intervention should
provide some social safety net.
Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
Utopian Socialists
As a result of pitiful conditions, a
desire to help the poor & protect
them from the rich by abolishing
private property
Reorganize societies into co-op
communities; popular in Paris
Saint-Simon: Key to progress,
industry used for good, not
individual profit
Fourier: Communal living, free love
& the emancipation of women
Blanc: Workers to get universal
suffrage, guaranteed employment
in gov’t workshops
Marxism
1846 – Communist Manifesto
• Friedrich Engels & Karl Marx
• violent “class struggle” would
lead to socialism
• Anti-nationalism
• Anti-religion
Marx
Engels
Napoleon III
1852-70: The Second Empire
• understood how authoritarians
could use liberalism &
nationalism
• rid France of Vienna terms
• held plebiscites; but no liberties
& had a secret police
• used gov’t spending on public
works
• legalized unions & strikes
• promoted French imperialism
The Crimean War
1854-56: Britain & France
against Russia
• commercial interests in the
Eastern Mediterranean
• power vacuum in the Balkans
Legacy:
• Russia humiliated, Austria
isolated & Britain
disillusioned
• F. Nightingale & nursing
• set the stage for Italian &
German unification
Charge of the Light Brigade
Florence
Nightingale
Italian Unification
1848: Mazzini’s Young Italy
failed; the Piedmont’s
Cavour took the lead
1859: Cavour made a deal w/
France, unified the north, but
then Napoleon III backed out
1860: Garibaldi’s Red Shirts
took control of the Two
Sicilies & headed north
1866: Venetia from Austria
1870: Rome from France
German Unification
1848: Frankfurt Assembly failed
• Prussia took the lead
• Hapsburgs kept liberals divided
• Zollverein helped economy prosper
1861: Bismarck appointed chancellor
• a Junker and former ambassador
• an opportunist; embraced Realpolitik
• an authoritarian who “bent” laws
1864: Danish War
• annexed Schleswig-Holstein
1866: Austro-Prussian War
• formed North German Confederation
Otto von Bismarck
German Unification
1870: Franco-Prussian War
• Bavaria had Catholic (French)
roots; Ems Dispatch
• France humiliated; 5 billion
in reparations, lost AlsaceLorraine and forced a weak
Third Republic
• Germany was united; France
was left seething for revenge!
German soldiers “abusing” the French
Napoleon III & Bismarck at Sedan
Wilhelm I’s Coronation of the Second Reich at Versailles
German Imperial Flag
Austria-Hungary
1848-1916: Emperor Franz Joseph
1867 – Augsleich; dual monarchy
w/ Hungarians
• given domestic control but
shared the same emperor &
foreign policy
• other minorities were ignored
Russia
1856: lost the Crimean War
• clearly behind the West
1861: Alexander II abolished
serfdom; nobody satisfied
• zemstvos were created
1881: Alexander II assassinated
by The People’s Will
1881-1905: Alexander III &
Nicholas II enact Reactionary
policies; Russification & pogroms
Alexander II
Great Britain
1851: the era of “Victorian England”
& Lord Palmerston’s chauvinism
PM Benjamin Disraeli wanted to woo
the lower classes to the Tories
Reform Act of 1867
• lowered monetary requirements
• increased electorate from 1 to 2
million
1868-94: PM William Gladstone
• apex of classic British Liberalism
Queen Victoria
Science & Culture
Scientific discovery rapidly
increased; secularism as well
Advances in thermodynamics,
anesthesia and vaccinations
Pasteur’s germ theory & Lister’s
antiseptic; massive increase in
public health (cholera & typhoid)
Sociology – Auguste Comte
Science & Culture
Darwin – On the Origins of Species
• an amateur naturalist
• animals evolved over time;
natural selection
• humans weren’t special; just
products of nature
Realism – Dickens & Flaubert
• novels stressed ordinary
real-life situations
• social questions of the day
exposed
Charles Darwin