Download German and Italian Unification

The End of the
Concert of Europe
th
19
century
The Crimean War
[1854-1856]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia
Russia
[claimed protector
ship over the
Orthodox
Christians in the
Ottoman Empire]
The Charge of the Light Brigade:
The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
Half a league, half a league,
Half a league onward,
All in the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
"Forward, the Light Brigade!
"Charge for the guns!" he said:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred…
A romanticized poem of the battle
by Alfred Lord Tennyson
Keep the “Sick Man of Europe” in
Good Health!
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c
“The Sicker Man of Europe”
Nationalism
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Definition: All peoples derive their
identities from their nations, which are
defined by common language, shared
cultural traditions and sometimes religion
When such “nations” do not coincide with
state boundaries, nationalism can produce
violence and warfare as different national
groups compete for the same territory
Italian
Unification
1830
Failed Attempts at
Independence
Metternich sent troops
to crush Revolutions in 3
Italian States
Italian Nationalist Leaders
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
Giuseppi
Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor
Emmanuel II
Giuseppi
Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
Sardinia-Piedmont:
The “Magnet”
Italian
unification:
Risorgimento
[“Resurgence”]
1848 -
Revolutions
 Guiseppe Mazinni
 Risorgimento (Resurgence)
 Young Italy
 2 lessons from the failures
 Need foreign help
 Rely on Piedmont for
leadership
1849 – 1878
Victor Emanuel Savoy
King of Piedmont
Provided the
leadership needed
1852
Count Cavour in named
Prime Minister of Piedmont
Economic Expansion
Built roads, canals, &
railroads
Expanded credit
Stimulated investment in
new Industries
1858 – Agreement with
Napoleon III
In Compensation France would
get:
Piedmont’s provinces of Nice
and Savoy
A Kingdom of Central Italy
would be created for Napoleon
III’s cousin Prince Napoleon
1859 – The Austrian War
To make it “justifiable” –
Piedmont provoked Austria
July II, 1859 – France made
Peace w/ Austria
Thought war would be too
long and costly
Prussia had mobilized
1860 - Plebiscites
Nationalists had
taken control in some
Northern Italian States
Plebiscites agreed to
join Piedmont
1860 - Girabaldi
Italian Patriot
Revolt had broken in the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1,000 Red Shirts landed in
Sicily on May 11, 1860
By July 1860 Sicily was
under Control
Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites
with Cavour
Step #5: Austro-Prussian War,
1866
Austria loses
control of
Venetia.
Venetia is
annexed to
Italy.
1860 – Kingdom of Italy
Garibaldi yielded to Cavour
German
UNIFICATION
Zollverein, 1834
A NEW PRUSSIAN KING
1858 – King Frederick William
IV – declared insane
Brother William becomes
regent
1861 – Frederick William IV
dies
William I takes the throne
A DIVIDED GERMANY
Loose federation of 39
States
Controlled by 2 Powers
Austria – Hapsburgs
Prussia Hohenzollern
German Unification
Who would lead German Unification?
Austria or Prussia?
King Wilhelm I appointed Otto Von
Bismarck as Chancellor in 1862
Bismarck ruled Prussia and ignored the
Reichstag (Parliament)
Politics of Reality- “Realpolitik”
Prussian Junker
1851 – King
Frederick William IV
appointed him
representative to the
diet of the German
Confederation
Convinced –
Germany too small
for Austria & Prussia
1859 –ambassador
to Russia
1862 – ambassador
to France
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
The less people know about how sausages and
laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been
officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be
settled by speeches and majority decisions—that
was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood
and iron.
A generation that has taken a beating is always
followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will
provoke the next war.
Prussia and other German
states
The Danish
War
[1864]
The Peace of
Vienna
Prussia would administer Schleswig,
and Austria, Holstein
The
German
Confederation
Prussia/Austria Rivalry
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Prussia
Austria
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867
Shortly following
the victory of
Prussia, Bismarck
eliminated the
Austrian led German
Confederation.
He then established a new North
German Confederation which Prussia
could control  Peace of Prague
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
1868 revolt in Spain.
Catalyst for War
Spanish leaders wanted
Prince Leopold von Hohenz.
[a cousin to the Kaiser & a
Catholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to
apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to
the French Ambassador to make it seem as though
the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
Journalists in both countries stirred up nationalist feelings
Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing”
the French.
Franco-Prussian
War
[1870-1871]
Franco-Prussian War
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The French public demanded war
The Prussians captured Napoleon with his army on
September 2, 1870
The Second Empire fell on September 4, 1870
January, 1871- William was proclaimed Kaiser of a
new, imperial Germany
Peace signed in May required France to cede the
provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and to
pay a multibillion-franc indemnity
Differing Nationalities in the
Austrian Empire
Austria-Hungary
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Emperor Francis Joseph, 1848-1918
Government abolished most internal
customs barriers, freed trade with
Germany and sold off most of the stateowned railway system
German language was used by the
administration
City of Vienna underwent extensive
rebuilding
Austria-Hungary

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Reichsrat- a more modern parliament, dominated
by liberals
Hungarian Magyars demanded home rule and the
emperor was forced to accept a “dual monarchy”
After 1867, the Hungarians mostly ruled
themselves
Hungarian demands strengthened those of the
other nationalities in the empire for the same
privileges